Corpus iurisprudentiae Romanae

Repertorium zu den Quellen des römischen Rechts

Digesta Iustiniani Augusti

Recognovit Mommsen (1870) et retractavit Krüger (1968)
Convertit in Anglica lingua Scott (1932)
Ulp.Sab. III
Ulp. Ad Massurium Sabinum lib.Ulpiani Ad Massurium Sabinum libri

Ad Massurium Sabinum libri

Ex libro III

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
Dig. 1,1De iustitia et iure (Concerning Justice and Law.)Dig. 1,2De origine iuris et omnium magistratuum et successione prudentium (Concerning the Origin of Law and of All Magistrates, Together With a Succession of Jurists.)Dig. 1,3 (1,0 %)De legibus senatusque consultis et longa consuetudine (Concerning Statutes, Decrees of the Senate, and Long Established Customs.)Dig. 1,4De constitutionibus principum (Concerning the Constitutions of the Emperors.)Dig. 1,5De statu hominum (Concerning the Condition of Men.)Dig. 1,6De his qui sui vel alieni iuris sunt (Concerning Those Who Are Their Own Masters, and Those That Are Under the Control of Others.)Dig. 1,7De adoptionibus et emancipationibus et aliis modis quibus potestas solvitur (Concerning Adoptions and Emancipations, and Other Methods by Which Paternal Authority is Dissolved.)Dig. 1,8De divisione rerum et qualitate (Concerning the Division and Nature of Things.)Dig. 1,9De senatoribus (Concerning Senators.)Dig. 1,10De officio consulis (Concerning the Office of Consul.)Dig. 1,11De officio praefecti praetorio (Concerning the Office of Prætorian Prefect.)Dig. 1,12De officio praefecti urbi (Concerning the Office of Prefect of the City.)Dig. 1,13De officio quaestoris (Concerning the Office of Quæstor.)Dig. 1,14De officio praetorum (Concerning the Office of the Prætors.)Dig. 1,15De officio praefecti vigilum (Concerning the Office of Prefect of the Night Watch.)Dig. 1,16De officio proconsulis et legati (Concerning the Office of Proconsul, and his Deputy.)Dig. 1,17De officio praefecti Augustalis (Concerning the Office of Augustal Prefect.)Dig. 1,18De officio praesidis (Concerning the Office of Governor.)Dig. 1,19De officio procuratoris Caesaris vel rationalis (Concerning the Office of the Imperial Steward or Accountant.)Dig. 1,20De officio iuridici (Concerning the Office of Juridicus.)Dig. 1,21De officio eius, cui mandata est iurisdictio (Concerning the Office of Him to Whom Jurisdiction is Delegated.)Dig. 1,22De officio adsessorum (Concerning the Office of Assessors.)
Dig. 2,1De iurisdictione (Concerning Jurisdiction.)Dig. 2,2Quod quisque iuris in alterum statuerit, ut ipse eodem iure utatur (Each One Must Himself Use the Law Which He Has Established for Others.)Dig. 2,3Si quis ius dicenti non obtemperaverit (Where Anyone Refuses Obedience to a Magistrate Rendering Judgment.)Dig. 2,4De in ius vocando (Concerning Citations Before a Court of Justice.)Dig. 2,5Si quis in ius vocatus non ierit sive quis eum vocaverit, quem ex edicto non debuerit (Where Anyone Who is Summoned Does Not Appear, and Where Anyone Summoned a Person Whom, According to the Edict, He Should Not Have Summoned.)Dig. 2,6In ius vocati ut eant aut satis vel cautum dent (Persons Who Are Summoned Must Either Appear, or Give Bond or Security to Do So.)Dig. 2,7Ne quis eum qui in ius vocabitur vi eximat (No One Can Forcibly Remove a Person Who Has Been Summoned to Court.)Dig. 2,8Qui satisdare cogantur vel iurato promittant vel suae promissioni committantur (What Persons Are Compelled to Give a Surety, and Who Can Make a Promise Under Oath, or Be Bound by a Mere Promise.)Dig. 2,9Si ex noxali causa agatur, quemadmodum caveatur (In What Way Security Must Be Given in a Noxal Action.)Dig. 2,10De eo per quem factum erit quominus quis in iudicio sistat (Concerning One Who Prevents a Person From Appearing in Court.)Dig. 2,11Si quis cautionibus in iudicio sistendi causa factis non obtemperaverit (Where a Party Who Has Given a Bond to Appear in Court Does Not Do So.)Dig. 2,12De feriis et dilationibus et diversis temporibus (Concerning Festivals, Delays, and Different Seasons.)Dig. 2,13De edendo (Concerning the Statement of a Case.)Dig. 2,14De pactis (Concerning Agreements.)Dig. 2,15De transactionibus (Concerning Compromises.)
Dig. 27,1De excusationibus (Concerning the Excuses of Guardians and Curators.)Dig. 27,2Ubi pupillus educari vel morari debeat et de alimentis ei praestandis (Where a Ward Should Be Brought Up, or Reside, and Concerning the Support Which Should Be Furnished Him.)Dig. 27,3De tutelae et rationibus distrahendis et utili curationis causa actione (Concerning the Action to Compel an Accounting for Guardianship, and the Equitable Action Based on Curatorship.)Dig. 27,4De contraria tutelae et utili actione (Concerning the Counter-action on Guardianship and the Prætorian Action.)Dig. 27,5De eo qui pro tutore prove curatore negotia gessit (Concerning One Who Transacts Business as Acting Guardian or Curator.)Dig. 27,6Quod falso tutore auctore gestum esse dicatur (Concerning Business Transacted Under the Authority of a False Guardian.)Dig. 27,7De fideiussoribus et nominatoribus et heredibus tutorum et curatorum (Concerning the Sureties of Guardians and Curators and Those Who Have Offered Them, and the Heirs of the Former.)Dig. 27,8De magistratibus conveniendis (Concerning Suits Against Magistrates.)Dig. 27,9De rebus eorum, qui sub tutela vel cura sunt, sine decreto non alienandis vel supponendis (Concerning the Property of Those Who Are Under Guardianship or Curatorship, and With Reference To The Alienation or Encumbrance of Their Property Without a Decree.)Dig. 27,10De curatoribus furioso et aliis extra minores dandis (Concerning the Appointment of Curators for Insane Persons and Others Who Are Not Minors.)
Dig. 37,1De bonorum possessionibus (Concerning the Prætorian Possession of Property.)Dig. 37,2Si tabulae testamenti extabunt (Concerning Prætorian Possession Where There is a Will.)Dig. 37,3De bonorum possessione furioso infanti muto surdo caeco competente (Concerning the Prætorian Possession of Property Granted to an Insane Person, an Infant, or One Who is Dumb, Deaf, or Blind.)Dig. 37,4De bonorum possessione contra tabulas (Concerning the Prætorian Possession of Property Contrary to the Provisions of the Will.)Dig. 37,5De legatis praestandis contra tabulas bonorum possessione petita (Concerning the Payment of Legacies Where Prætorian Possession of an Estate is Obtained Contrary to the Provisions of the Will.)Dig. 37,6De collatione bonorum (Concerning the Collation of Property.)Dig. 37,7De dotis collatione (Concerning Collation of the Dowry.)Dig. 37,8De coniungendis cum emancipato liberis eius (Concerning the Contribution to be Made Between an Emancipated Son and His Children.)Dig. 37,9De ventre in possessionem mittendo et curatore eius (Concerning the Placing of an Unborn Child in Possession of an Estate, and his Curator.)Dig. 37,10De Carboniano edicto (Concerning the Carbonian Edict.)Dig. 37,11De bonorum possessione secundum tabulas (Concerning Prætorian Possession of an Estate in Accordance with the Provisions of the Will.)Dig. 37,12Si a parente quis manumissus sit (Concerning Prætorian Possession Where a Son Has Been Manumitted by His Father.)Dig. 37,13De bonorum possessione ex testamento militis (Concerning Prætorian Possession of an Estate in the Case of the Will of a Soldier.)Dig. 37,14De iure patronatus (Concerning the Right of Patronage.)Dig. 37,15De obsequiis parentibus et patronis praestandis (Concerning the Respect Which Should be Shown to Parents and Patrons.)
Dig. 38,1De operis libertorum (Concerning the Services of Freedmen.)Dig. 38,2De bonis libertorum (Concerning the Property of Freedmen.)Dig. 38,3De libertis universitatium (Concerning the Freedmen of Municipalities.)Dig. 38,4De adsignandis libertis (Concerning the Assignment of Freedmen.)Dig. 38,5Si quid in fraudem patroni factum sit (Where Anything is Done to Defraud the Patron.)Dig. 38,6Si tabulae testamenti nullae extabunt, unde liberi (Where no Will is in Existence by Which Children May be Benefited.)Dig. 38,7Unde legitimi (Concerning Prætorian Possession by Agnates.)Dig. 38,8Unde cognati (Concerning the Prætorian Possession Granted to Cognates.)Dig. 38,9De successorio edicto (Concerning the Successory Edict.)Dig. 38,10De gradibus et adfinibus et nominibus eorum (Concerning the Degrees of Relationship and Affinity and Their Different Names.)Dig. 38,11Unde vir et uxor (Concerning Prætorian Possession With Reference to Husband and Wife.)Dig. 38,12De veteranorum et militum successione (Concerning the Succession of Veterans and Soldiers.)Dig. 38,13Quibus non competit bonorum possessio (Concerning Those Who are Not Entitled to Prætorian Possession of an Estate.)Dig. 38,14Ut ex legibus senatusve consultis bonorum possessio detur (Concerning Prætorian Possession of Property Granted by Special Laws or Decrees of the Senate.)Dig. 38,15Quis ordo in possessionibus servetur (What Order is to be Observed in Granting Prætorian Possession.)Dig. 38,16De suis et legitimis heredibus (Concerning Proper Heirs and Heirs at Law.)Dig. 38,17Ad senatus consultum Tertullianum et Orphitianum (On the Tertullian and Orphitian Decrees of the Senate.)
Dig. 40,1De manumissionibus (Concerning Manumissions.)Dig. 40,2De manumissis vindicta (Concerning Manumissions Before a Magistrate.)Dig. 40,3De manumissionibus quae servis ad universitatem pertinentibus imponuntur (Concerning the Manumission of Slaves Belonging to a Community.)Dig. 40,4De manumissis testamento (Concerning Testamentary Manumissions.)Dig. 40,5De fideicommissariis libertatibus (Concerning Freedom Granted Under the Terms of a Trust.)Dig. 40,6De ademptione libertatis (Concerning the Deprivation of Freedom.)Dig. 40,7De statuliberis (Concerning Slaves Who are to be Free Under a Certain Condition.)Dig. 40,8 (4,0 %)Qui sine manumissione ad libertatem perveniunt (Concerning Slaves Who Obtain Their Freedom Without Manumission.)Dig. 40,9 (0,5 %)Qui et a quibus manumissi liberi non fiunt et ad legem Aeliam Sentiam (What Slaves, Having Been Manumitted, do not Become Free, by Whom This is Done; and on the Law of Ælia Sentia.)Dig. 40,10De iure aureorum anulorum (Concerning the Right to Wear a Gold Ring.)Dig. 40,11De natalibus restituendis (Concerning the Restitution of the Rights of Birth.)Dig. 40,12De liberali causa (Concerning Actions Relating to Freedom.)Dig. 40,13Quibus ad libertatem proclamare non licet (Concerning Those Who are Not Permitted to Demand Their Freedom.)Dig. 40,14Si ingenuus esse dicetur (Where Anyone is Decided to be Freeborn.)Dig. 40,15Ne de statu defunctorum post quinquennium quaeratur (No Question as to the Condition of Deceased Persons Shall be Raised After Five Years Have Elapsed After Their Death.)Dig. 40,16De collusione detegenda (Concerning the Detection of Collusion.)
Dig. 43,1De interdictis sive extraordinariis actionibus, quae pro his competunt (Concerning Interdicts or the Extraordinary Proceedings to Which They Give Rise.)Dig. 43,2Quorum bonorum (Concerning the Interdict Quorum Bonorum.)Dig. 43,3Quod legatorum (Concerning the Interdict Quod Legatorum.)Dig. 43,4Ne vis fiat ei, qui in possessionem missus erit (Concerning the Interdict Which Prohibits Violence Being Employed Against a Person Placed in Possession.)Dig. 43,5De tabulis exhibendis (Concerning the Production of Papers Relating to a Will.)Dig. 43,6Ne quid in loco sacro fiat (Concerning the Interdict for the Purpose of Preventing Anything Being Done in a Sacred Place.)Dig. 43,7De locis et itineribus publicis (Concerning the Interdict Relating to Public Places and Highways.)Dig. 43,8Ne quid in loco publico vel itinere fiat (Concerning the Interdict Forbidding Anything to be Done in a Public Place or on a Highway.)Dig. 43,9De loco publico fruendo (Concerning the Edict Relating to the Enjoyment of a Public Place.)Dig. 43,10De via publica et si quid in ea factum esse dicatur (Concerning the Edict Which Has Reference to Public Streets and Anything Done Therein.)Dig. 43,11De via publica et itinere publico reficiendo (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to Repairs of Public Streets and Highways.)Dig. 43,12De fluminibus. ne quid in flumine publico ripave eius fiat, quo peius navigetur (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to Rivers and the Prevention of Anything Being Done in Them or on Their Banks Which May Interfere With Navigation.)Dig. 43,13Ne quid in flumine publico fiat, quo aliter aqua fluat, atque uti priore aestate fluxit (Concerning the Interdict to Prevent Anything From Being Built in a Public River or on Its Bank Which Might Cause the Water to Flow in a Different Direction Than it did During the Preceding Summer.)Dig. 43,14Ut in flumine publico navigare liceat (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to the Use of a Public River for Navigation.)Dig. 43,15De ripa munienda (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to Raising the Banks of Streams.)Dig. 43,16De vi et de vi armata (Concerning the Interdict Against Violence and Armed Force.)Dig. 43,17Uti possidetis (Concerning the Interdict Uti Possidetis.)Dig. 43,18De superficiebus (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to the Surface of the Land.)Dig. 43,19De itinere actuque privato (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to Private Rights of Way.)Dig. 43,20De aqua cottidiana et aestiva (Concerning the Edict Which Has Reference to Water Used Every Day and to Such as is Only Used During the Summer.)Dig. 43,21De rivis (Concerning the Interdict Having Reference to Conduits.)Dig. 43,22De fonte (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to Springs.)Dig. 43,23De cloacis (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to Sewers.)Dig. 43,24Quod vi aut clam (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to Works Undertaken by Violence or Clandestinely.)Dig. 43,25De remissionibus (Concerning the Withdrawal of Opposition.)Dig. 43,26De precario (Concerning Precarious Tenures.)Dig. 43,27De arboribus caedendis (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to the Cutting of Trees.)Dig. 43,28De glande legenda (Concerning the Interdict Having Reference to the Gathering of Fruit Which Has Fallen From the Premises of One Person Upon Those of Another.)Dig. 43,29De homine libero exhibendo (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to the Production of a Person Who Is Free.)Dig. 43,30De liberis exhibendis, item ducendis (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to the Production of Children and Their Recovery.)Dig. 43,31Utrubi (Concerning the Interdict Utrubi.)Dig. 43,32De migrando (Concerning the Interdict Having Reference to the Removal of Tenants.)Dig. 43,33De Salviano interdicto (Concerning the Salvian Interdict.)
Dig. 47,1De privatis delictis (Concerning Private Offences.)Dig. 47,2De furtis (Concerning Thefts.)Dig. 47,3De tigno iuncto (Concerning the Theft of Timbers Joined to a Building.)Dig. 47,4Si is, qui testamento liber esse iussus erit, post mortem domini ante aditam hereditatem subripuisse aut corrupisse quid dicetur (Where Anyone Who is Ordered to be Free by the Terms of a Will, After the Death of His Master and Before the Estate is Entered Upon, is Said to Have Stolen or Spoiled Something.)Dig. 47,5Furti adversus nautas caupones stabularios (Concerning Theft Committed Against Captains of Vessels, Innkeepers, and Landlords.)Dig. 47,6Si familia furtum fecisse dicetur (Concerning Thefts Alleged to Have Been Made by an Entire Body of Slaves.)Dig. 47,7Arborum furtim caesarum (Concerning Trees Cut Down by Stealth.)Dig. 47,8Vi bonorum raptorum et de turba (Concerning the Robbery of Property by Violence, and Disorderly Assemblages.)Dig. 47,9De incendio ruina naufragio rate nave expugnata (Concerning Fire, Destruction, and Shipwreck, Where a Boat or a Ship is Taken by Force.)Dig. 47,10De iniuriis et famosis libellis (Concerning Injuries and Infamous Libels.)Dig. 47,11De extraordinariis criminibus (Concerning the Arbitrary Punishment of Crime.)Dig. 47,12De sepulchro violato (Concerning the Violation of Sepulchres.)Dig. 47,13De concussione (Concerning Extortion.)Dig. 47,14De abigeis (Concerning Those Who Steal Cattle.)Dig. 47,15De praevaricatione (Concerning Prevarication.)Dig. 47,16De receptatoribus (Concerning Those Who Harbor Criminals.)Dig. 47,17De furibus balneariis (Concerning Thieves Who Steal in Baths.)Dig. 47,18De effractoribus et expilatoribus (Concerning Those Who Break Out of Prison, and Plunderers.)Dig. 47,19Expilatae hereditatis (Concerning the Spoliation of Estates.)Dig. 47,20Stellionatus (Concerning Stellionatus.)Dig. 47,21De termino moto (Concerning the Removal of Boundaries.)Dig. 47,22De collegiis et corporibus (Concerning Associations and Corporations.)Dig. 47,23De popularibus actionibus (Concerning Popular Actions.)
Dig. 48,1De publicis iudiciis (On Criminal Prosecutions.)Dig. 48,2De accusationibus et inscriptionibus (Concerning Accusations and Inscriptions.)Dig. 48,3De custodia et exhibitione reorum (Concerning the Custody and Appearance of Defendants in Criminal Cases.)Dig. 48,4Ad legem Iuliam maiestatis (On the Julian Law Relating to the Crime of Lese Majesty.)Dig. 48,5Ad legem Iuliam de adulteriis coercendis (Concerning the Julian Law for the Punishment of Adultery.)Dig. 48,6Ad legem Iuliam de vi publica (Concerning the Julian Law on Public Violence.)Dig. 48,7Ad legem Iuliam de vi privata (Concerning the Julian Law Relating to Private Violence.)Dig. 48,8Ad legem Corneliam de siccariis et veneficis (Concerning the Cornelian Law Relating to Assassins and Poisoners.)Dig. 48,9De lege Pompeia de parricidiis (Concerning the Pompeian Law on Parricides.)Dig. 48,10De lege Cornelia de falsis et de senatus consulto Liboniano (Concerning the Cornelian Law on Deceit and the Libonian Decree of the Senate.)Dig. 48,11De lege Iulia repetundarum (Concerning the Julian Law on Extortion.)Dig. 48,12De lege Iulia de annona (Concerning the Julian Law on Provisions.)Dig. 48,13Ad legem Iuliam peculatus et de sacrilegis et de residuis (Concerning the Julian Law Relating to Peculation, Sacrilege, and Balances.)Dig. 48,14De lege Iulia ambitus (Concerning the Julian Law With Reference to the Unlawful Seeking of Office.)Dig. 48,15De lege Fabia de plagiariis (Concerning the Favian Law With Reference to Kidnappers.)Dig. 48,16Ad senatus consultum Turpillianum et de abolitionibus criminum (Concerning the Turpillian Decree of the Senate and the Dismissal of Charges.)Dig. 48,17De requirendis vel absentibus damnandis (Concerning the Conviction of Persons Who Are Sought For or Are Absent.)Dig. 48,18De quaestionibus (Concerning Torture.)Dig. 48,19De poenis (Concerning Punishments.)Dig. 48,20De bonis damnatorum (Concerning the Property of Persons Who Have Been Convicted.)Dig. 48,21De bonis eorum, qui ante sententiam vel mortem sibi consciverunt vel accusatorem corruperunt (Concerning the Property of Those Who Have Either Killed Themselves or Corrupted Their Accusers Before Judgment Has Been Rendered.)Dig. 48,22De interdictis et relegatis et deportatis (Concerning Persons Who Are Interdicted, Relegated, and Deported.)Dig. 48,23De sententiam passis et restitutis (Concerning Persons Upon Whom Sentence Has Been Passed and Who Have Been Restored to Their Rights.)Dig. 48,24De cadaveribus punitorum (Concerning the Corpses of Persons Who Are Punished.)
Dig. 49,1De appellationibus et relegationibus (On Appeals and Reports.)Dig. 49,2A quibus appellari non licet (From What Persons It Is Not Permitted to Appeal.)Dig. 49,3Quis a quo appelletur (To Whom and From Whom an Appeal Can be Taken.)Dig. 49,4Quando appellandum sit et intra quae tempora (When an Appeal Should be Taken, and Within What Time.)Dig. 49,5De appellationibus recipiendis vel non (Concerning the Acceptance or Rejection of Appeals.)Dig. 49,6De libellis dimissoriis, qui apostoli dicuntur (Concerning Notices of Appeal Called Dispatches.)Dig. 49,7Nihil innovari appellatione interposita (No Change Shall be Made After the Appeal Has Been Interposed.)Dig. 49,8Quae sententiae sine appellatione rescindantur (What Decisions Can be Rescinded Without an Appeal.)Dig. 49,9An per alium causae appellationum reddi possunt (Whether the Reasons for an Appeal Can be Presented by Another.)Dig. 49,10Si tutor vel curator magistratusve creatus appellaverit (Where a Guardian, a Curator, or a Magistrate Having Been Appointed, Appeals.)Dig. 49,11Eum qui appellaverit in provincia defendi (He Who Appeals Should Be Defended in His Own Province.)Dig. 49,12Apud eum, a quo appellatur, aliam causam agere compellendum (Where a Party Litigant is Compelled to Bring Another Action Before the Judge From Whose Decision He Has Already Appealed.)Dig. 49,13Si pendente appellatione mors intervenerit (If Death Should Occur While an Appeal is Pending.)Dig. 49,14De iure fisci (Concerning the Rights of the Treasury.)Dig. 49,15De captivis et de postliminio et redemptis ab hostibus (Concerning Captives, the Right of Postliminium, and Persons Ransomed From the Enemy.)Dig. 49,16De re militari (Concerning Military Affairs.)Dig. 49,17De castrensi peculio (Concerning Castrense Peculium.)Dig. 49,18De veteranis (Concerning Veterans.)

Dig. 1,3,8Ulpianus libro III ad Sabinum. Iura non in singulas personas, sed generaliter constituuntur.

Ulpianus, On Sabinus, Book III. Laws are not established for individuals, but for general purposes.

Dig. 24,1,22Idem libro tertio ad Sabinum. Uxori suae quis mortis causa servum donavit eumque cum libertate heredem scripsit: an valeat institutio, quaeritur. et puto, si hoc animo eum scripsit heredem, quod donationis se dixit paenituisse, valere institutionem et necessarium heredem domino servum fieri: ceterum si, posteaquam heredem instituit, donavit, donatio praevalebit, vel si ante donavit, non tamen adimendi animo libertatem adscripsit.

The Same, On Sabinus, Book III. A man gave a slave mortis causa to his wife, and then appointed him his heir with the grant of his freedom. The question arises, is such an appointment valid? I think that if he appointed him his heir because he said that he changed his mind, the appointment will be valid, and the slave will become the necessary heir of his master. But if after he appointed him his heir, he gave him away, the donation will have greater weight; or if he gave him away before he did this, but still did not grant him his liberty with the intention of depriving him of it, the result will be the same.

Dig. 28,2,4Idem libro tertio ad Sabinum. Placet omnem masculum posse postumum heredem scribere, sive iam maritus sit sive nondum uxorem duxerit: nam et maritus repudiare uxorem potest et qui non duxit uxorem, postea maritus effici. nam et cum maritus postumum heredem scribit, non utique is solus postumus scriptus videtur, qui ex ea quam habet uxorem ei natus est, vel is qui tunc in utero est, verum is quoque, qui ex quacumque uxore nascatur:

The Same, On Sabinus, Book III. It is established that every man can appoint a posthumous child his heir, whether he is married or not. For, indeed, a husband can repudiate his wife, and one who has not contracted marriage can subsequently do so; and where a husband appoints a posthumous heir, it is held that this does not only apply to a child who is born of the present wife of the testator, but also to one who is unborn, and indeed may be born of any wife whomsoever.

Dig. 28,2,6Ulpianus libro tertio ad Sabinum. Sed est quaesitum, an is, qui generare facile non possit, postumum heredem facere possit, et scribit Cassius et Iavolenus posse: nam et uxorem ducere et adoptare potest: spadonem quoque posse postumum heredem scribere et Labeo et Cassius scribunt: quoniam nec aetas nec sterilitas ei rei impedimento est. 1Sed si castratus sit, Iulianus Proculi opinionem secutus non putat postumum heredem posse instituere, quo iure utimur. 2Hermaphroditus plane, si in eo virilia praevalebunt, postumum heredem instituere poterit.

Ulpianus, On Sabinus, Book III. The question arose whether a man who has not complete power of reproduction can appoint a posthumous heir. Cassius and Javolenus say that he can do so, because he can marry and adopt children. Labeo and Cassius state that one who is temporarily impotent can also appoint a posthumous heir, since in this instance neither age nor sterility can be considered as impediments. 1Where, however, the individual in question has been castrated, Julianus, following the opinion of Proculus, does not think that he can appoint a posthumous heir. This is the modern practice. 2An hermaphrodite can appoint a posthumous heir, if the male organs predominate in his physical conformation.

Dig. 28,3,3Idem libro tertio ad Sabinum. Postumi per virilem sexum descendentes ad similitudinem filiorum nominatim exheredandi sunt, ne testamentum adgnascendo rumpant. 1Postumos autem dicimus eos dumtaxat, qui post mortem parentis nascuntur. sed et hi, qui post testamentum factum in vita nascuntur, ita demum per legem VellaeamaaDie Großausgabe liest Velleam statt Vellaeam. rumpere testamentum prohibentur, si nominatim sint exheredati. 2Unde etiam ante heredis institutionem vel inter medias heredum institutiones vel inter gradus exheredari possunt: nam divus Marcus decrevit idem in postumo quod in filio servandum, nec ratio diversitatis reddi potest. 3Ex his apparet aliam causam esse filiorum superstitum, aliam posteriorum: illi iniustum faciunt, hi rumpunt, illi semper, hi, si nascantur nec inveniant se exheredatos. 4Sed et si sit ante hoc aliud testamentum, a quo postumus exheredatus sit, placet, sive post mortem testatoris nascatur sive vivo testatore, utrumque ruptum esse et superius per inferius et inferius per postumum. 5Nominatim autem exheredatus postumus videtur, sive ita dixerit: ‘quicumque mihi nasceretur’, sive ita: ‘ex Seia’, sive ita: ‘venter exheres esto’. sed et si dixerit: ‘postumus exheres esto’, natus vel post mortem vel vivo testatore non rumpet. 6Licet autem postumus praeteritus adgnascendo rumpat, tamen interdum evenit, ut pars testamenti rumpatur: ut puta si proponas a primo gradu postumum exheredatum, a secundo praeteritum: nam hic primus gradus valet, secundus ruptus est.

The Same, On Sabinus, Book III. Posthumous children who descend through the male sex are disinherited by name, just in the same way as the living children of the testator, unless they break the will by their birth. 1We only style those children “posthumous” who are born after the death of their father; those who are born after the execution of the will are, in accordance with the Lex Velleia, forbidden to break the will, where they are disinherited by name. 2Wherefore, children can be also disinherited either before the appointment of an heir, or between the appointment of several heirs, or between the different degrees of inheritance; for the Divine Marcus decreed that the same rule should be observed with reference to a posthumous child, as in the case of a living one, since no reason for establishing a difference can be given. 3From these matters it is apparent that a difference exists between living children and those subsequently born. The former always render the will illegal, the latter break it, and when they are born do not find themselves disinherited. 4Where a former will by which a posthumous child is disinherited exists, it is established that it is broken, whether the child is born after the death of the testator, or during his lifetime; the first one is broken by the second, and the second by the birth of the posthumous child. 5A posthumous child is also considered to be expressly disinherited where the testator says: “Let any child whosoever that is born to me be disinherited, whether it has been brought forth by Seia, or whether it is still unborn.” If, however, he should say: “Let my posthumous child be disinherited”; and it is born either after the death, or during the life of the testator, it will not break the will. 6However, even though a posthumous child who has been passed over breaks a will by its birth, still, it sometimes happens that only a portion of the will is broken; as, for example, where the posthumous child was disinherited in the first degree, and passed over in the second; for in this instance the appointment in the first degree will be valid, if that in the second is void.

Dig. 28,3,5Idem libro tertio ad Sabinum. Nam et si sub condicione sit heres institutus quis, a quo postumus non est exheredatus, tamen pendente condicione rumpitur gradus, ut et Iulianus scripsit: sed et si sit ei substitutus quis, etiam deficiente condicione primi gradus non admittetur substitutus, a quo scilicet postumus exheredatus non est. puto igitur existente quidem condicione primi gradus postumo potius locum fore: post defectum autem condicionis natus postumus gradum non rumpit, quia nullus est. rumpendo autem testamentum sibi locum facere postumus solet, quamvis filius sequentem gradum, a quo exheredatus est, patiatur valere. sed si a primo gradu praeteritus, a secundo exheredatus sit, si eo tempore nascatur postumus, quo aliquis ex institutis vixit, totum testamentum ruptum est: nam tollendo primum gradum, sibi locum faciet.

The Same, On Sabinus, Book III. Where anyone is appointed an heir under some condition, by which a posthumous child is not disinherited, still, the degree is broken while the condition is pending, as Julianus stated. But when someone is substituted, even where the condition upon which the appointment in the first degree depends is not fulfilled, the substituted heir will not be admitted to the succession from which the posthumous heir has not been disinherited. I think, therefore, that if the condition of the appointment under the first degree is complied with, the posthumous heir will have the preference. However, the birth of the posthumous child, after failure to comply with the condition, does not destroy the appointment in the first degree, because the latter becomes null and void. By breaking the will, the posthumous child makes a place for himself, even though the son causes the second degree from which he was disinherited to become valid. Where, however, the posthumous child who was passed over in the first degree and disinherited in the second is born at the time when one of the appointed heirs is living, the entire will is broken; for, by destroying the first degree, he makes a place for himself in the succession.

Dig. 28,5,3Idem libro tertio ad Sabinum. Servus alienus vel totus vel pro parte sine libertate heres institui potest. 1Si servum meum pure heredem scripsero, sub condicione liberum, differtur institutio in id tempus, quo libertas data est. 2Si quis ita scripserit: ‘si Titius heres erit, Seius heres esto: Titius heres esto’, quasi quaevis condicio exspectatur Titii aditio, ut Seius heres fiat: et sane et Iuliano et Tertulliano hoc videtur. 3Qui fideicommissam libertatem sub condicione accepit, potest ab herede pure cum libertate heres institui et non exspectata condicione libertatem et hereditatem consequitur et erit interim necessarius: et existente condicione voluntarius heres efficietur, ut non desinat heres esse, sed ut ius in eo mutetur successionis. 4Aperturae tabularum dilatio necessarii heredis ius non mutat, ut solemus in substituto impuberis dicere: nam est relatum, si se adrogandum dederit substitutus impuberi defuncti filius, necessarium eum fore.

The Same, On Sabinus, Book III. A slave who belongs entirely, or partly, to another, can be appointed the heir of the testator, without the grant of his freedom. 1If I appoint my slave to be absolutely my heir, but grant him his freedom under a certain condition, his appointment will be deferred until the time when his freedom is granted him. 2Where a party stated in his will: “If Titius shall be my heir, let Seius be my heir and let Titius be my heir”; the acceptance of Titius is awaited as a condition for Seius to become the heir. And, indeed, this is reasonable, and seems so to Julianus and Tertyllianus. 3Where an heir has accepted a trust by which freedom is conditionally granted to a slave, the said slave can be appointed heir by the former, with an absolute grant of his freedom, without waiting for the fulfillment of the condition, and he will obtain both his freedom and the estate. In the meantime, he will be a necessary heir, and will become a voluntary heir when the condition is fulfilled, so that he will not cease to be an heir, but the right of succession will be changed so far as he is concerned. 4Delay in opening a will does not affect the rights of a necessary heir, as we are accustomed to hold where anyone is substituted for a minor. For it has been established that if the substitute gives himself to be arrogated by the minor, as the son of the deceased, he will become his necessary heir.

Dig. 29,2,4Idem libro tertio ad Sabinum. Nolle adire hereditatem non videtur, qui non potest adire.

The Same, On Sabinus, Book III. An heir who has no right to enter upon an estate is not considered to have refused to do so.

Dig. 40,8,4Ulpianus libro tertio ad Sabinum. Ei, qui hac lege emptus sit, ut a vivo emptore manumittatur, statim mortuo eo competit libertas.

Ulpianus, On Sabinus, Book III. When a slave is sold under the condition that he shall be manumitted during the lifetime of the purchaser, when the latter dies, he will immediately be entitled to his freedom.

Dig. 40,9,2Idem libro tertio ad Sabinum. Servo competere libertas non potest, si relegatus moratus sit in urbe.

The Same, On Sabinus, Book III. A slave cannot obtain his freedom if, after having been banished, he remains in the City.

Dig. 50,17,3Idem libro tertio ad Sabinum. Eius est nolle, qui potest velle.

The Same, On Sabinus, Book III. He who can consent openly can likewise do so by not refusing.