Corpus iurisprudentiae Romanae

Repertorium zu den Quellen des römischen Rechts

Digesta Iustiniani Augusti

Recognovit Mommsen (1870) et retractavit Krüger (1968)
Convertit in Anglica lingua Scott (1932)
Ulp.Sab. X
Ulp. Ad Massurium Sabinum lib.Ulpiani Ad Massurium Sabinum libri

Ad Massurium Sabinum libri

Ex libro X

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Dig. 1,1De iustitia et iure (Concerning Justice and Law.)Dig. 1,2De origine iuris et omnium magistratuum et successione prudentium (Concerning the Origin of Law and of All Magistrates, Together With a Succession of Jurists.)Dig. 1,3De legibus senatusque consultis et longa consuetudine (Concerning Statutes, Decrees of the Senate, and Long Established Customs.)Dig. 1,4De constitutionibus principum (Concerning the Constitutions of the Emperors.)Dig. 1,5De statu hominum (Concerning the Condition of Men.)Dig. 1,6De his qui sui vel alieni iuris sunt (Concerning Those Who Are Their Own Masters, and Those That Are Under the Control of Others.)Dig. 1,7De adoptionibus et emancipationibus et aliis modis quibus potestas solvitur (Concerning Adoptions and Emancipations, and Other Methods by Which Paternal Authority is Dissolved.)Dig. 1,8De divisione rerum et qualitate (Concerning the Division and Nature of Things.)Dig. 1,9De senatoribus (Concerning Senators.)Dig. 1,10De officio consulis (Concerning the Office of Consul.)Dig. 1,11De officio praefecti praetorio (Concerning the Office of Prætorian Prefect.)Dig. 1,12De officio praefecti urbi (Concerning the Office of Prefect of the City.)Dig. 1,13De officio quaestoris (Concerning the Office of Quæstor.)Dig. 1,14De officio praetorum (Concerning the Office of the Prætors.)Dig. 1,15De officio praefecti vigilum (Concerning the Office of Prefect of the Night Watch.)Dig. 1,16De officio proconsulis et legati (Concerning the Office of Proconsul, and his Deputy.)Dig. 1,17De officio praefecti Augustalis (Concerning the Office of Augustal Prefect.)Dig. 1,18De officio praesidis (Concerning the Office of Governor.)Dig. 1,19De officio procuratoris Caesaris vel rationalis (Concerning the Office of the Imperial Steward or Accountant.)Dig. 1,20De officio iuridici (Concerning the Office of Juridicus.)Dig. 1,21De officio eius, cui mandata est iurisdictio (Concerning the Office of Him to Whom Jurisdiction is Delegated.)Dig. 1,22De officio adsessorum (Concerning the Office of Assessors.)
Dig. 2,1De iurisdictione (Concerning Jurisdiction.)Dig. 2,2Quod quisque iuris in alterum statuerit, ut ipse eodem iure utatur (Each One Must Himself Use the Law Which He Has Established for Others.)Dig. 2,3Si quis ius dicenti non obtemperaverit (Where Anyone Refuses Obedience to a Magistrate Rendering Judgment.)Dig. 2,4De in ius vocando (Concerning Citations Before a Court of Justice.)Dig. 2,5Si quis in ius vocatus non ierit sive quis eum vocaverit, quem ex edicto non debuerit (Where Anyone Who is Summoned Does Not Appear, and Where Anyone Summoned a Person Whom, According to the Edict, He Should Not Have Summoned.)Dig. 2,6In ius vocati ut eant aut satis vel cautum dent (Persons Who Are Summoned Must Either Appear, or Give Bond or Security to Do So.)Dig. 2,7Ne quis eum qui in ius vocabitur vi eximat (No One Can Forcibly Remove a Person Who Has Been Summoned to Court.)Dig. 2,8Qui satisdare cogantur vel iurato promittant vel suae promissioni committantur (What Persons Are Compelled to Give a Surety, and Who Can Make a Promise Under Oath, or Be Bound by a Mere Promise.)Dig. 2,9Si ex noxali causa agatur, quemadmodum caveatur (In What Way Security Must Be Given in a Noxal Action.)Dig. 2,10De eo per quem factum erit quominus quis in iudicio sistat (Concerning One Who Prevents a Person From Appearing in Court.)Dig. 2,11Si quis cautionibus in iudicio sistendi causa factis non obtemperaverit (Where a Party Who Has Given a Bond to Appear in Court Does Not Do So.)Dig. 2,12De feriis et dilationibus et diversis temporibus (Concerning Festivals, Delays, and Different Seasons.)Dig. 2,13De edendo (Concerning the Statement of a Case.)Dig. 2,14De pactis (Concerning Agreements.)Dig. 2,15De transactionibus (Concerning Compromises.)
Dig. 27,1De excusationibus (Concerning the Excuses of Guardians and Curators.)Dig. 27,2Ubi pupillus educari vel morari debeat et de alimentis ei praestandis (Where a Ward Should Be Brought Up, or Reside, and Concerning the Support Which Should Be Furnished Him.)Dig. 27,3De tutelae et rationibus distrahendis et utili curationis causa actione (Concerning the Action to Compel an Accounting for Guardianship, and the Equitable Action Based on Curatorship.)Dig. 27,4De contraria tutelae et utili actione (Concerning the Counter-action on Guardianship and the Prætorian Action.)Dig. 27,5De eo qui pro tutore prove curatore negotia gessit (Concerning One Who Transacts Business as Acting Guardian or Curator.)Dig. 27,6Quod falso tutore auctore gestum esse dicatur (Concerning Business Transacted Under the Authority of a False Guardian.)Dig. 27,7De fideiussoribus et nominatoribus et heredibus tutorum et curatorum (Concerning the Sureties of Guardians and Curators and Those Who Have Offered Them, and the Heirs of the Former.)Dig. 27,8De magistratibus conveniendis (Concerning Suits Against Magistrates.)Dig. 27,9De rebus eorum, qui sub tutela vel cura sunt, sine decreto non alienandis vel supponendis (Concerning the Property of Those Who Are Under Guardianship or Curatorship, and With Reference To The Alienation or Encumbrance of Their Property Without a Decree.)Dig. 27,10De curatoribus furioso et aliis extra minores dandis (Concerning the Appointment of Curators for Insane Persons and Others Who Are Not Minors.)
Dig. 37,1De bonorum possessionibus (Concerning the Prætorian Possession of Property.)Dig. 37,2Si tabulae testamenti extabunt (Concerning Prætorian Possession Where There is a Will.)Dig. 37,3De bonorum possessione furioso infanti muto surdo caeco competente (Concerning the Prætorian Possession of Property Granted to an Insane Person, an Infant, or One Who is Dumb, Deaf, or Blind.)Dig. 37,4De bonorum possessione contra tabulas (Concerning the Prætorian Possession of Property Contrary to the Provisions of the Will.)Dig. 37,5De legatis praestandis contra tabulas bonorum possessione petita (Concerning the Payment of Legacies Where Prætorian Possession of an Estate is Obtained Contrary to the Provisions of the Will.)Dig. 37,6De collatione bonorum (Concerning the Collation of Property.)Dig. 37,7De dotis collatione (Concerning Collation of the Dowry.)Dig. 37,8De coniungendis cum emancipato liberis eius (Concerning the Contribution to be Made Between an Emancipated Son and His Children.)Dig. 37,9De ventre in possessionem mittendo et curatore eius (Concerning the Placing of an Unborn Child in Possession of an Estate, and his Curator.)Dig. 37,10De Carboniano edicto (Concerning the Carbonian Edict.)Dig. 37,11De bonorum possessione secundum tabulas (Concerning Prætorian Possession of an Estate in Accordance with the Provisions of the Will.)Dig. 37,12Si a parente quis manumissus sit (Concerning Prætorian Possession Where a Son Has Been Manumitted by His Father.)Dig. 37,13De bonorum possessione ex testamento militis (Concerning Prætorian Possession of an Estate in the Case of the Will of a Soldier.)Dig. 37,14De iure patronatus (Concerning the Right of Patronage.)Dig. 37,15De obsequiis parentibus et patronis praestandis (Concerning the Respect Which Should be Shown to Parents and Patrons.)
Dig. 38,1De operis libertorum (Concerning the Services of Freedmen.)Dig. 38,2De bonis libertorum (Concerning the Property of Freedmen.)Dig. 38,3De libertis universitatium (Concerning the Freedmen of Municipalities.)Dig. 38,4De adsignandis libertis (Concerning the Assignment of Freedmen.)Dig. 38,5Si quid in fraudem patroni factum sit (Where Anything is Done to Defraud the Patron.)Dig. 38,6Si tabulae testamenti nullae extabunt, unde liberi (Where no Will is in Existence by Which Children May be Benefited.)Dig. 38,7Unde legitimi (Concerning Prætorian Possession by Agnates.)Dig. 38,8Unde cognati (Concerning the Prætorian Possession Granted to Cognates.)Dig. 38,9De successorio edicto (Concerning the Successory Edict.)Dig. 38,10De gradibus et adfinibus et nominibus eorum (Concerning the Degrees of Relationship and Affinity and Their Different Names.)Dig. 38,11Unde vir et uxor (Concerning Prætorian Possession With Reference to Husband and Wife.)Dig. 38,12De veteranorum et militum successione (Concerning the Succession of Veterans and Soldiers.)Dig. 38,13Quibus non competit bonorum possessio (Concerning Those Who are Not Entitled to Prætorian Possession of an Estate.)Dig. 38,14Ut ex legibus senatusve consultis bonorum possessio detur (Concerning Prætorian Possession of Property Granted by Special Laws or Decrees of the Senate.)Dig. 38,15Quis ordo in possessionibus servetur (What Order is to be Observed in Granting Prætorian Possession.)Dig. 38,16De suis et legitimis heredibus (Concerning Proper Heirs and Heirs at Law.)Dig. 38,17Ad senatus consultum Tertullianum et Orphitianum (On the Tertullian and Orphitian Decrees of the Senate.)
Dig. 40,1De manumissionibus (Concerning Manumissions.)Dig. 40,2De manumissis vindicta (Concerning Manumissions Before a Magistrate.)Dig. 40,3De manumissionibus quae servis ad universitatem pertinentibus imponuntur (Concerning the Manumission of Slaves Belonging to a Community.)Dig. 40,4De manumissis testamento (Concerning Testamentary Manumissions.)Dig. 40,5De fideicommissariis libertatibus (Concerning Freedom Granted Under the Terms of a Trust.)Dig. 40,6De ademptione libertatis (Concerning the Deprivation of Freedom.)Dig. 40,7De statuliberis (Concerning Slaves Who are to be Free Under a Certain Condition.)Dig. 40,8Qui sine manumissione ad libertatem perveniunt (Concerning Slaves Who Obtain Their Freedom Without Manumission.)Dig. 40,9Qui et a quibus manumissi liberi non fiunt et ad legem Aeliam Sentiam (What Slaves, Having Been Manumitted, do not Become Free, by Whom This is Done; and on the Law of Ælia Sentia.)Dig. 40,10De iure aureorum anulorum (Concerning the Right to Wear a Gold Ring.)Dig. 40,11De natalibus restituendis (Concerning the Restitution of the Rights of Birth.)Dig. 40,12De liberali causa (Concerning Actions Relating to Freedom.)Dig. 40,13Quibus ad libertatem proclamare non licet (Concerning Those Who are Not Permitted to Demand Their Freedom.)Dig. 40,14Si ingenuus esse dicetur (Where Anyone is Decided to be Freeborn.)Dig. 40,15Ne de statu defunctorum post quinquennium quaeratur (No Question as to the Condition of Deceased Persons Shall be Raised After Five Years Have Elapsed After Their Death.)Dig. 40,16De collusione detegenda (Concerning the Detection of Collusion.)
Dig. 43,1De interdictis sive extraordinariis actionibus, quae pro his competunt (Concerning Interdicts or the Extraordinary Proceedings to Which They Give Rise.)Dig. 43,2Quorum bonorum (Concerning the Interdict Quorum Bonorum.)Dig. 43,3Quod legatorum (Concerning the Interdict Quod Legatorum.)Dig. 43,4Ne vis fiat ei, qui in possessionem missus erit (Concerning the Interdict Which Prohibits Violence Being Employed Against a Person Placed in Possession.)Dig. 43,5De tabulis exhibendis (Concerning the Production of Papers Relating to a Will.)Dig. 43,6Ne quid in loco sacro fiat (Concerning the Interdict for the Purpose of Preventing Anything Being Done in a Sacred Place.)Dig. 43,7De locis et itineribus publicis (Concerning the Interdict Relating to Public Places and Highways.)Dig. 43,8Ne quid in loco publico vel itinere fiat (Concerning the Interdict Forbidding Anything to be Done in a Public Place or on a Highway.)Dig. 43,9De loco publico fruendo (Concerning the Edict Relating to the Enjoyment of a Public Place.)Dig. 43,10De via publica et si quid in ea factum esse dicatur (Concerning the Edict Which Has Reference to Public Streets and Anything Done Therein.)Dig. 43,11De via publica et itinere publico reficiendo (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to Repairs of Public Streets and Highways.)Dig. 43,12De fluminibus. ne quid in flumine publico ripave eius fiat, quo peius navigetur (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to Rivers and the Prevention of Anything Being Done in Them or on Their Banks Which May Interfere With Navigation.)Dig. 43,13Ne quid in flumine publico fiat, quo aliter aqua fluat, atque uti priore aestate fluxit (Concerning the Interdict to Prevent Anything From Being Built in a Public River or on Its Bank Which Might Cause the Water to Flow in a Different Direction Than it did During the Preceding Summer.)Dig. 43,14Ut in flumine publico navigare liceat (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to the Use of a Public River for Navigation.)Dig. 43,15De ripa munienda (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to Raising the Banks of Streams.)Dig. 43,16De vi et de vi armata (Concerning the Interdict Against Violence and Armed Force.)Dig. 43,17Uti possidetis (Concerning the Interdict Uti Possidetis.)Dig. 43,18De superficiebus (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to the Surface of the Land.)Dig. 43,19De itinere actuque privato (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to Private Rights of Way.)Dig. 43,20De aqua cottidiana et aestiva (Concerning the Edict Which Has Reference to Water Used Every Day and to Such as is Only Used During the Summer.)Dig. 43,21De rivis (Concerning the Interdict Having Reference to Conduits.)Dig. 43,22De fonte (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to Springs.)Dig. 43,23De cloacis (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to Sewers.)Dig. 43,24Quod vi aut clam (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to Works Undertaken by Violence or Clandestinely.)Dig. 43,25De remissionibus (Concerning the Withdrawal of Opposition.)Dig. 43,26De precario (Concerning Precarious Tenures.)Dig. 43,27De arboribus caedendis (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to the Cutting of Trees.)Dig. 43,28De glande legenda (Concerning the Interdict Having Reference to the Gathering of Fruit Which Has Fallen From the Premises of One Person Upon Those of Another.)Dig. 43,29De homine libero exhibendo (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to the Production of a Person Who Is Free.)Dig. 43,30De liberis exhibendis, item ducendis (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to the Production of Children and Their Recovery.)Dig. 43,31Utrubi (Concerning the Interdict Utrubi.)Dig. 43,32De migrando (Concerning the Interdict Having Reference to the Removal of Tenants.)Dig. 43,33De Salviano interdicto (Concerning the Salvian Interdict.)
Dig. 47,1De privatis delictis (Concerning Private Offences.)Dig. 47,2De furtis (Concerning Thefts.)Dig. 47,3De tigno iuncto (Concerning the Theft of Timbers Joined to a Building.)Dig. 47,4Si is, qui testamento liber esse iussus erit, post mortem domini ante aditam hereditatem subripuisse aut corrupisse quid dicetur (Where Anyone Who is Ordered to be Free by the Terms of a Will, After the Death of His Master and Before the Estate is Entered Upon, is Said to Have Stolen or Spoiled Something.)Dig. 47,5Furti adversus nautas caupones stabularios (Concerning Theft Committed Against Captains of Vessels, Innkeepers, and Landlords.)Dig. 47,6Si familia furtum fecisse dicetur (Concerning Thefts Alleged to Have Been Made by an Entire Body of Slaves.)Dig. 47,7Arborum furtim caesarum (Concerning Trees Cut Down by Stealth.)Dig. 47,8Vi bonorum raptorum et de turba (Concerning the Robbery of Property by Violence, and Disorderly Assemblages.)Dig. 47,9De incendio ruina naufragio rate nave expugnata (Concerning Fire, Destruction, and Shipwreck, Where a Boat or a Ship is Taken by Force.)Dig. 47,10De iniuriis et famosis libellis (Concerning Injuries and Infamous Libels.)Dig. 47,11De extraordinariis criminibus (Concerning the Arbitrary Punishment of Crime.)Dig. 47,12De sepulchro violato (Concerning the Violation of Sepulchres.)Dig. 47,13De concussione (Concerning Extortion.)Dig. 47,14De abigeis (Concerning Those Who Steal Cattle.)Dig. 47,15De praevaricatione (Concerning Prevarication.)Dig. 47,16De receptatoribus (Concerning Those Who Harbor Criminals.)Dig. 47,17De furibus balneariis (Concerning Thieves Who Steal in Baths.)Dig. 47,18De effractoribus et expilatoribus (Concerning Those Who Break Out of Prison, and Plunderers.)Dig. 47,19Expilatae hereditatis (Concerning the Spoliation of Estates.)Dig. 47,20Stellionatus (Concerning Stellionatus.)Dig. 47,21De termino moto (Concerning the Removal of Boundaries.)Dig. 47,22De collegiis et corporibus (Concerning Associations and Corporations.)Dig. 47,23De popularibus actionibus (Concerning Popular Actions.)
Dig. 48,1De publicis iudiciis (On Criminal Prosecutions.)Dig. 48,2De accusationibus et inscriptionibus (Concerning Accusations and Inscriptions.)Dig. 48,3De custodia et exhibitione reorum (Concerning the Custody and Appearance of Defendants in Criminal Cases.)Dig. 48,4Ad legem Iuliam maiestatis (On the Julian Law Relating to the Crime of Lese Majesty.)Dig. 48,5Ad legem Iuliam de adulteriis coercendis (Concerning the Julian Law for the Punishment of Adultery.)Dig. 48,6Ad legem Iuliam de vi publica (Concerning the Julian Law on Public Violence.)Dig. 48,7Ad legem Iuliam de vi privata (Concerning the Julian Law Relating to Private Violence.)Dig. 48,8Ad legem Corneliam de siccariis et veneficis (Concerning the Cornelian Law Relating to Assassins and Poisoners.)Dig. 48,9De lege Pompeia de parricidiis (Concerning the Pompeian Law on Parricides.)Dig. 48,10De lege Cornelia de falsis et de senatus consulto Liboniano (Concerning the Cornelian Law on Deceit and the Libonian Decree of the Senate.)Dig. 48,11De lege Iulia repetundarum (Concerning the Julian Law on Extortion.)Dig. 48,12De lege Iulia de annona (Concerning the Julian Law on Provisions.)Dig. 48,13Ad legem Iuliam peculatus et de sacrilegis et de residuis (Concerning the Julian Law Relating to Peculation, Sacrilege, and Balances.)Dig. 48,14De lege Iulia ambitus (Concerning the Julian Law With Reference to the Unlawful Seeking of Office.)Dig. 48,15De lege Fabia de plagiariis (Concerning the Favian Law With Reference to Kidnappers.)Dig. 48,16Ad senatus consultum Turpillianum et de abolitionibus criminum (Concerning the Turpillian Decree of the Senate and the Dismissal of Charges.)Dig. 48,17De requirendis vel absentibus damnandis (Concerning the Conviction of Persons Who Are Sought For or Are Absent.)Dig. 48,18De quaestionibus (Concerning Torture.)Dig. 48,19De poenis (Concerning Punishments.)Dig. 48,20De bonis damnatorum (Concerning the Property of Persons Who Have Been Convicted.)Dig. 48,21De bonis eorum, qui ante sententiam vel mortem sibi consciverunt vel accusatorem corruperunt (Concerning the Property of Those Who Have Either Killed Themselves or Corrupted Their Accusers Before Judgment Has Been Rendered.)Dig. 48,22De interdictis et relegatis et deportatis (Concerning Persons Who Are Interdicted, Relegated, and Deported.)Dig. 48,23De sententiam passis et restitutis (Concerning Persons Upon Whom Sentence Has Been Passed and Who Have Been Restored to Their Rights.)Dig. 48,24De cadaveribus punitorum (Concerning the Corpses of Persons Who Are Punished.)
Dig. 49,1De appellationibus et relegationibus (On Appeals and Reports.)Dig. 49,2A quibus appellari non licet (From What Persons It Is Not Permitted to Appeal.)Dig. 49,3Quis a quo appelletur (To Whom and From Whom an Appeal Can be Taken.)Dig. 49,4Quando appellandum sit et intra quae tempora (When an Appeal Should be Taken, and Within What Time.)Dig. 49,5De appellationibus recipiendis vel non (Concerning the Acceptance or Rejection of Appeals.)Dig. 49,6De libellis dimissoriis, qui apostoli dicuntur (Concerning Notices of Appeal Called Dispatches.)Dig. 49,7Nihil innovari appellatione interposita (No Change Shall be Made After the Appeal Has Been Interposed.)Dig. 49,8Quae sententiae sine appellatione rescindantur (What Decisions Can be Rescinded Without an Appeal.)Dig. 49,9An per alium causae appellationum reddi possunt (Whether the Reasons for an Appeal Can be Presented by Another.)Dig. 49,10Si tutor vel curator magistratusve creatus appellaverit (Where a Guardian, a Curator, or a Magistrate Having Been Appointed, Appeals.)Dig. 49,11Eum qui appellaverit in provincia defendi (He Who Appeals Should Be Defended in His Own Province.)Dig. 49,12Apud eum, a quo appellatur, aliam causam agere compellendum (Where a Party Litigant is Compelled to Bring Another Action Before the Judge From Whose Decision He Has Already Appealed.)Dig. 49,13Si pendente appellatione mors intervenerit (If Death Should Occur While an Appeal is Pending.)Dig. 49,14De iure fisci (Concerning the Rights of the Treasury.)Dig. 49,15De captivis et de postliminio et redemptis ab hostibus (Concerning Captives, the Right of Postliminium, and Persons Ransomed From the Enemy.)Dig. 49,16De re militari (Concerning Military Affairs.)Dig. 49,17De castrensi peculio (Concerning Castrense Peculium.)Dig. 49,18De veteranis (Concerning Veterans.)

Dig. 8,4,10Ulpianus libro decimo ad Sabinum. Quidquid venditor servitutis nomine sibi recipere vult, nominatim recipi oportet: nam illa generalis receptio ‘quibus est servitus utique est’ ad extraneos pertinet, ipsi nihil prospicit venditori ad iura eius conservanda: nulla enim habuit, quia nemo ipse sibi servitutem debet: quin immo et si debita fuit servitus, deinde dominium rei servientis pervenit ad me, consequenter dicitur extingui servitutem.

Ulpianus, On Sabinus, Book X. Whatever a vendor wishes to reserve for himself by way of servitude, must be reserved in express terms, for a general reservation such as the following: “Any persons entitled to servitudes may certainly retain them”, has reference to strangers, and not to the vendor for the purpose of preserving his rights, for he has none, because no one owes him a servitude. Again, if I was entitled to a servitude, and the ownership of the land afterwards became vested in me, it is held that the servitude is extinguished in consequence.

Dig. 28,1,11Ulpianus libro decimo ad Sabinum. Obsides testari non possunt, nisi eis permittitur.

Ulpianus, On Sabinus, Book X. Hostages cannot execute a will, unless permission is granted them to do so.

Dig. 28,3,6Idem libro decimo ad Sabinum. Si quis filio exheredato nuru praegnate relicta decesserit et extraneum sub condicione instituerit et pendente condicione post mortem patris vel deliberante herede instituto de adeunda hereditate exheredatus filius decesserit et nepos fuerit natus, an rumpat testamentum? et dicemus testamentum non rumpi, cum nec exheredari huiusmodi nepos deberet ab avo, quem pater praecedebat. plane si forte institutus omiserit hereditatem, hunc avo suum futurum heredem ab intestato non dubitatur. utrumque propriis rationibus: nam adgnascendo quidem is rumpit quem nemo praecedebat mortis tempore: ab intestato vero is succedit cui ante eum alii non est delata hereditas, non fuisse autem filio delatam hereditatem apparet, cum deliberante instituto decesserit. sed haec ita, si mortis avi tempore in utero nepos fuit. ceterum si postea conceptus est, Marcellus scribit neque ut suum neque ut nepotem aut cognatum ad hereditatem vel ad bonorum possessionem posse admitti. 1Sed si pater eius, qui mortis avi tempore in utero fuit, apud hostes erat, nepos iste patre in eadem causa decedente post mortem avi succedendo testamentum rumpet, quia supra scripta persona ei non obstat: nec enim creditur in rebus humanis fuisse, cum in ea causa decedat, quamquam captivus reversus patris sui iniustum faceret testamentum in eo praeteritus. 2Sive autem in civitate nepos fuit conceptus sive apud hostes, quoniam datur et partui postliminium, succedendo testamentum rumpit. 3Succedendo itaque sui non rumpunt, sive fuerint instituti vel exheredati ab eo gradu ad quem hereditas defertur, scilicet si gradus ille valeat. 4Quocumque autem modo parentes praecedentes in potestate esse desierint, succedentes liberi, si fuerint instituti vel exheredati, non rumpent testamentum, sive per captivitatem sive per mortem vel poenam. 5Irritum fit testamentum, quotiens ipsi testatori aliquid contigit, puta si civitatem amittat per subitam servitutem, ab hostibus verbi gratia captus, vel si maior annis viginti venum se dari passus sit ad actum gerendum pretiumve participandum. 6Sed et si quis fuerit capite damnatus vel ad bestias vel ad gladium vel alia poena quae vitam adimit, testamentum eius irritum fiet, et non tunc cum consumptus est, sed cum sententiam passus est: nam poenae servus efficitur: nisi forte miles fuit ex militari delicto damnatus, nam huic permitti solet testari, ut divus Hadrianus rescripsit, et credo iure militari testabitur. qua ratione igitur damnato ei testari permittitur, numquid et, si quod ante habuit factum testamentum, si ei permissum sit testari, valeat? an vero poena irritum factum reficiendum est? et si militari iure ei testandum sit, dubitari non oportet, quin, si voluit id valere, fecisse id credatur. 7Eius qui deportatur non statim irritum fiet testamentum, sed cum princeps factum comprobaverit: tunc enim et capite minuitur. sed et si de decurione puniendo vel filio nepoteve praeses scribendum principi interlocutus est, non puto statim servum poenae factum, licet in carcere soleant diligentioris custodiae causa recipi. nec huius igitur testamentum irritum fiet, priusquam princeps de eo supplicium sumendum rescripserit: proinde si ante decesserit, utique testamentum eius valebit, nisi mortem sibi conscivit. nam eorum, qui mori magis quam damnari maluerint ob conscientiam criminis, testamenta irrita constitutiones faciunt, licet in civitate decedant: quod si quis taedio vitae vel valetudinis adversae inpatientia vel iactationis, ut quidam philosophi, in ea causa sunt, ut testamenta eorum valeant. quam distinctionem in militis quoque testamento divus Hadrianus dedit epistula ad Pomponium falconem, ut, si quidem ob conscientiam delicti militaris mori maluit, irritum sit eius testamentum: quod si taedio vel dolore, valere testamentum aut, si intestato decessit, cognatis aut, si non sint, legioni ista sint vindicanda. 8Hi autem omnes, quorum testamenta irrita damnatione fieri diximus, si provocaverint, capite non minuuntur atque ideo neque testamenta quae antea fecerunt inrita fient et tunc testari poterunt: hoc enim saepissime est constitutum nec videbuntur quasi de statu suo dubitantes non habere testamenti factionem: sunt enim certi status nec ipsi de se interim incerti. 9Quid tamen si appellationem eius praeses non recepit, sed imperatori scribendo poenam remoratus est? puto hunc quoque suum statum interim retinere nec testamentum irritum fieri: nam, ut est oratione divi Marci expressum, tametsi provocantis vel eius pro quo provocatur appellatio non fuerit recepta, poena tamen sustinenda est, quoad princeps rescripserit ad litteras praesidis et libellum rei cum litteris missum, nisi forte latro manifestus vel seditio praerupta factioque cruenta vel alia iusta causa, quam mox praeses litteris excusabit, moram non recipiant, non poenae festinatione, sed praeveniendi periculi causa: tunc enim punire permittitur, deinde scribere. 10Quid si quis fuerit damnatus illicite poena non sumpta, an testamentum eius irritum fiat, videamus: ut puta decurio ad bestias an capite minuatur testamentumque eius irritum fiat? et non puto cum sententia eum non tenuerit. ergo et si quis eum, qui non erat iurisdictionis suae, damnaverit, testamentum eius non erit irritum, quemadmodum est constitutum. 11Sed ne eorum quidem testamenta rata sunt, sed irrita fient, quorum memoria post mortem damnata est, ut puta ex causa maiestatis, vel ex alia tali causa. 12Quatenus tamen diximus ab hostibus capti testamentum irritum fieri, adiciendum est postliminio reversi vires suas recipere iure postliminii aut, si ibi decedat, lege Cornelia confirmari. ergo et si quis damnatus capite in integrum indulgentia principis sit restitutus, testamentum eius convalescet. 13Filii familias veterani sui iuris morte patris facti testamentum irritum non fieri constat: nam quantum ad testandum de castrensi peculio pro patre familias habendus est, et ideo nec emancipatione irritum fieri militis vel veterani testamentum verum est.

The Same, On Sabinus, Book X. Where anyone, after having disinherited his son, dies, leaving his daughter-in-law pregnant, and appoints a stranger his heir under some condition, and while the condition is pending and after the death of the father, or while the heir is deliberating as to whether or not he will enter upon the estate, the disinherited son should die, and a grandson should be born, will this break the will? We say that the will is not broken, as a grandson ought not to be disinherited in this way by his grandfather, who preceded his father in the succession. It is clear that if the appointed heir should refuse to accept the estate, there can be no doubt that this heir would inherit from his grandfather ab intestato. Both of these cases are founded upon good and sufficient reasons, for a posthumous child breaks a will by his birth, where no one took precedence of him at the time of the death of the testator, and he succeeds ab intestato where the succession has not been granted to anyone before him. It is evident that, in this instance, the succession has not been granted to the son, since he died while the appointed heir was deliberating as to his acceptance of the estate. This, however, is the rule only where the grandson was still unborn at the time of the death of his grandfather; for Marcellus says that if he had been conceived after that time, he could not be admitted to the succession either as a proper heir, a grandson, or a cognate, or would be entitled to prætorian possession of the estate. 1Where the father of a grandson who, at the time of the death of the grandfather, was in the hands of the enemy, and died in captivity, the said grandson, by obtaining the succession after the death of his grandfather, breaks the will, because his aforesaid father was not in his way; for, as he died while a captive, he is not considered to have been alive when his grandfather died, and even if the captive father should return, this would render the will of his father illegal, as he had been passed over therein. 2If a grandson was either conceived in his own country or among the enemy, as the right of postliminium is also granted to unborn children, the will will be broken by his birth. 3Therefore, those who succeed to proper heirs do not break the will, whether they are appointed heirs or disinherited in the degree in which the succession is granted, provided that this is valid. 4However, no matter in what way fathers standing first in the succession may cease to be under paternal control, whether through captivity, death, or the infliction of some penalty, their children who succeed them and who are either appointed heirs or disinherited by a will cannot break it. 5A will becomes invalid whenever anything happens to the testator himself; as, for instance, where he loses his civil rights through being suddenly reduced to slavery, for example, where he is captured by the enemy; or where, being over twenty years of age, he permits himself to be sold for the purpose of transacting the business of his purchaser, or to share in his own price. 6Where, however, anyone convicted of a capital crime is condemned to be thrown to wild beasts, or to fight as a gladiator, or some other sentence is imposed which will deprive him of life, his will becomes void, not from the time when he suffered punishment, but from the date of his sentence, for he then at once becomes a penal slave; unless, being a soldier, he is convicted of some military offence, for under such circumstances, it is customary for him to be permitted to make a will, as the Divine Hadrian stated in a Rescript; and I think that he can make one in accordance with military law. On this principle, therefore, as he is allowed, to make a will after his conviction, should one which he had previously executed be held valid, if he was allowed to make it, or should it be considered void on account of the penalty, after it has been made? There can be no doubt that, if he has a right to make a will by military law, and wishes the first will to be valid, he will be considered to have executed it. 7The will of a person who has been deported does not immediately become void, but only after the Emperor has confirmed the sentence, for then he who was condemned loses his civil rights. Where, however, the punishment of a Decurion is concerned, or that of his son or grandson, and the Governor refers the case to the Emperor, I do not think that the convicted party becomes at once a penal slave, although it is customary to incarcerate him for safe-keeping. Therefore, his will does not become void before the Emperor issues his decree that he must suffer the punishment. Hence, if he should die before this is done, his will will be valid, unless he takes his own life; for, by the Imperial Constitutions the wills of those who are conscious of their guilt are void, even though they may die while in possession of their civil rights. But where anyone, through weariness of life, or because he is unable to endure the suffering of illness, or through a desire for notoriety commits suicide, as certain philosophers do, this rule does not apply, as the wills of such persons are valid. The Divine Hadrian also made this distinction with reference to the will of a soldier, in a letter addressed to Pomponius Falco, stating that if anyone belonging to the army preferred to kill himself because he was guilty of a military offence, his will shall be void; but if he does so because he is tired of life, or on account of suffering, it will be valid, and if he should die intestate, his property can be claimed by his relatives, or, if he has none, by his legion. 8All those persons, whose wills we have stated become void because of their condemnation, do not lose their civil rights if they appeal from the decision of the tribunal; and therefore any wills which they may have previously executed do not become void, and it has very frequently been decided they can still make a will. They are not held to resemble those who are doubtful concerning their condition, and have not testamentary capacity, for they are certain of their condition, and they are only uncertain of themselves while the appeal is pending. 9But what if the Governor did not receive the appeal, but delayed the infliction of the penalty until it was confirmed by the Emperor? I think that the party in question would, in the meantime, also preserve his status, and that his will would not become invalid. For (as has been stated in the Address of the Divine Marcus) where an appeal which has been taken by the party directly, or by someone acting for him is not received, the infliction of the penalty must remain in abeyance until the Emperor answers the letter of the Governor and returns his decision together with the letter; unless the accused is a notorious robber, or has been guilty of fomenting sedition, or has perpetrated bloodshed, or where some other good reason exists which can be set forth by the Governor in his letter, and which does not admit of delay, not for the purpose of hastening the punishment, but in order to provide against danger to the community; for, under such circumstances, he is permitted to inflict the penalty and then communicate the facts to the Emperor. 10Let us see where someone has been illegally condemned and the penalty has not been inflicted, whether his will will be invalid. Suppose, for instance, that a decurion has been sentenced to be thrown to wild beasts, will he lose his civil rights, and will his testament become void? I do not think that this will be the case, as the sentence cannot legally bind him. Therefore, where a magistrate finds someone guilty who is not subject to his jurisdiction, his will will not be void, as has been frequently decided. 11The wills of those whose memory is condemned after their death, for example, on account of high treason, or some similar offence, are invalid. 12Ad Dig. 28,3,6,12Windscheid: Lehrbuch des Pandektenrechts, 7. Aufl. 1891, Bd. III, § 563, Note 7.With reference, however, to what we have stated, namely, that the will of anyone captured by the enemy becomes invalid, it must be added that the will regains its validity through the right of postliminium, if the testator should return; or if he dies while in captivity, it is confirmed by the Lex Cornelia. Therefore, where anyone is convicted of a capital crime, and is restored to his civil rights through the indulgence of the Emperor, his will again becomes valid. 13It has been settled that the will of a son under paternal control who has served his time in the army, and has become his own master through the death of his father, is not void; for when a son disposes of his castrense peculium by will, he must be considered as the head of a household, and therefore it is certain that the will of a soldier or a veteran does not become void by his emancipation.

Dig. 28,3,7Ulpianus libro decimo ad Sabinum. Si miles iure civili testamentum fecerit et primo gradu heredem eum scripserit quem iure militari poterat, secundo eum quem communi iure potest, et post annum missionis decesserit, primus gradus irritus fiet et a secundo incipiet testamentum.

Ulpianus, On Sabinus, Book X. If a soldier should make a will in accordance with the Civil Law, and appoint an heir in the first degree, which he is entitled to do under military law, and in the second degree should substitute someone as heir which he can do by the Common Law, and should die a year after his discharge, the first degree becomes invalid, and the will commences with the second.

Dig. 34,7,4Ulpianus libro decimo ad Sabinum. Placet Catonis regulam ad condicionales institutiones non pertinere.

Ad Dig. 34,7,4Windscheid: Lehrbuch des Pandektenrechts, 7. Aufl. 1891, Bd. III, § 638, Note 16.Ulpianus, On Sabinus, Book X. It is well established that the Rule of Cato is not applicable to the conditional appointments of heirs.