Ad Sabinum libri
Ex libro XXVI
Dig. 23,4,10Idem libro vicesimo sexto ad Sabinum. Avus pactus est, cum dotem pro nepote suscepisset, ne a se neve a filio dos peteretur, ab alio vero quam filio herede ut dos peteretur. exceptione conventionis filius tuendus erit, quippe heredi nostro cavere concessum est, nec quicquam obstat quo minus certae personae, si heres erit sibi, caveri possit, quod non idem et in ceteris heredibus cavetur: et ita Celsus scribit.
The Same, On Sabinus, Book XXVI. A grandfather, in providing a dowry for his granddaughter, agreed that it should never be claimed by himself, or his son, but that it could be claimed by any other heir than his son. The latter will be protected by an exception based on the contract, as we are permitted to provide for our heirs, and there is nothing to prevent our doing so for any certain person, if he should be our heir; but this does not apply to other heirs. Celsus held the same opinion.
Dig. 36,3,10Pomponius libro vicensimo sexto ad Sabinum. Si a te herede legatum mihi sit sub condicione tuque, postquam adieris hereditatem, satisdederis legatorum et post mortem tuam ante aditam tuam hereditatem condicio legati extiterit, Sabinus ait fideiussores mihi teneri, quia omnimodo dari oportet legatum et in rem esset concepta stipulatio.
Pomponius, On Sabinus, Book XXVI. If you have been appointed an heir, and have been charged with a legacy to me under a condition, and you should afterwards accept the estate and give security for the payment of the legacy, and, after your death, but before your estate has been entered upon, the condition of the legacy should be fulfilled, Sabinus says that the sureties will be liable to me, because the legacy must, by all means, be paid, even if the stipulation was general in character.
Dig. 45,1,5Pomponius libro vicensimo sexto ad Sabinum. Stipulationum aliae iudiciales sunt, aliae praetoriae, aliae conventionales, aliae communes praetoriae et iudiciales. iudiciales sunt dumtaxat, quae a mero iudicis officio proficiscuntur, veluti de dolo cautio: praetoriae, quae a mero praetoris officio proficiscuntur, veluti damni infecti. praetorias autem stipulationes sic audiri oportet, ut in his contineantur etiam aediliciae: nam et hae ab iurisdictione veniunt. conventionales sunt, quae ex conventione reorum fiunt, quarum totidem genera sunt, quot paene dixerim rerum contrahendarum: nam et ob ipsam verborum obligationem fiunt et pendent ex negotio contracto. communes sunt stipulationes veluti rem salvam fore pupilli: nam et praetor iubet rem salvam fore pupillo caveri et interdum iudex, si aliter expediri haec res non potest: item duplae stipulatio venit ab iudice aut ab aedilis edicto. 1Stipulatio autem est verborum conceptio, quibus is qui interrogatur daturum facturumve se quod interrogatus est responderit. 2Satis acceptio est stipulatio, quae ita obligat promissorem, ut adpromissores quoque ab eo accipiantur, id est qui idem promittunt. 3Satis autem accipere dictum est eodem modo, quo satis facere: nam quia id, quo quis contentus erat, ei praestabatur, satis fieri dictum est: et similiter quia tales, quibus contentus quis futurus esset, ita dabantur, ut verbis obligarentur, satis accipi dictum est. 3aSi sortem promiseris et, si ea soluta non esset, poenam: etiamsi unus ex heredibus tuis portionem suam ex sorte solverit, nihilo minus poenam committet, donec portio coheredis solvatur. 4Idemque est de poena ex compromisso, si unus paruerit, alter non paruerit sententiae iudicis: sed a coherede ei satisfieri debet. nec enim aliud in his stipulationibus sine iniuria stipulatoris constitui potest.
Pomponius, On Sabinus, Book XXVI. Some stipulations are judicial, some are prætorian, some conventional, and others common, that is to say, both prætorian and judicial. Judicial stipulations are such as are prescribed officially by the court, as, for instance, the provision of security against fraud. Prætorian stipulations are such as are prescribed officially by the Prætor, for example, those against threatened injury. Prætorian stipulations must be understood to also include those having reference to the duties of the Mile, for these also proceed from the authority of jurisdiction. Conventional stipulations arise from the agreement of the parties, and I am tempted to say there are as many kinds of them as there are of objects to be contracted for, since they are employed in the same verbal obligations, and depend upon the nature of the business to be transacted. Stipulations are common, for instance, where it is agreed that the property of a ward shall be rendered secure; for the Prætor orders a bond to be given to protect the property of the ward, and sometimes the judge does this, if it cannot otherwise be accomplished. In like manner, the stipulation for double the amount proceeds either from the judge or from the Edict of the diles. 1A stipulation is a certain form of words by which the party who is questioned answers that he will give or do whatever is the subject of the interrogation. 2The agreement to satisfy is a stipulation which binds the promisor that sureties shall be furnished by him, that is to say, persons who will promise the same thing. 3The agreement to satisfy is a term which is used in the same way as to secure. For where anyone is content with what is furnished him, this is called satisfaction; and, in like manner, where sureties are furnished who bind themselves verbally and he to whom they are offered is content with them, this is designated giving sufficient security. 3aIf you promise a certain sum of money as principal, and also a penalty if it is not paid, and one of your heirs pays a portion of the principal, he will, nevertheless, be liable to the penalty until what is due from his co-heir has been paid. 4The same rule applies to a penalty in the case of a reference to arbitration, where one of the parties complies with the decision of the judge, and the other does not. The heir should be reimbursed by his co-heir, for in stipulations of this kind, no other decision can be made without injuring the stipulator.
Dig. 45,3,6Pomponius libro vicensimo sexto ad Sabinum. Ofilius recte dicebat et per traditionem accipiendo vel deponendo commodandoque posse soli ei adquiri, qui iussit: quae sententia et Cassii et Sabini dicitur.
Pomponius, On Sabinus, Book XXVI. Ofilius very properly says that, in receiving by delivery, in depositing for safe-keeping, and in lending for use, acquisition is only made for the benefit of the person who directs this to be done. This opinion is also held by Cassius and Sabinus.
Dig. 46,1,9Pomponius libro vicensimo sexto ad Sabinum. Fideiussores et in partem pecuniae et in partem rei recte accipi possunt.
Pomponius, On Sabinus, Book XXVI. Sureties can properly be taken for a part of the money, or for a part of the property.
Dig. 46,4,10Pomponius libro vicensimo sexto ad Sabinum. Sed et si non numerata pecunia, sed certum corpus, veluti homo in stipulationem deductus est, potest ex parte acceptilatio fieri: quo modo et uni ex heredibus acceptum fieri potest.
Pomponius, On Sabinus, Book XXVI. If, however, it is not money, but some other property, as, for instance, a slave, which is the object of the stipulation, a release can be granted for a portion of the same, as it can be granted for the benefit of one of several heirs.
Dig. 46,4,12Pomponius libro vicensimo sexto ad Sabinum. Quod in diem vel sub condicione debetur, acceptilatione tolli potest: sed ita id factum apparebit, si condicio stipulationis extiterit vel dies venerit.
Pomponius, On Sabinus, Book XXVI. Anything which is due from a certain date, or under a condition, can be disposed of by means of a release. This, however, will appear to be done only where the condition is complied with, or the time has arrived.
Dig. 46,7,12Pomponius libro vicensimo sexto ad Sabinum. Si reus post iudicatum solvi ab eo datum in magistratu sit nec invitus in ius vocari possit, tamen, nisi res boni viri arbitratu defendatur, fideiussores tenentur.
Pomponius, On Sabinus, Book XXVI. Where a defendant, after having given security for payment of the judgment, becomes a magistrate, he cannot be brought into court without his consent; still, if the suit is not defended, as in the judgment of a good citizen it should be, the sureties will be liable.
Dig. 46,8,18Pomponius libro vicensimo sexto ad Sabinum. Si procurator ratam rem dominum heredemve eius habiturum caverit et unus ex heredibus domini ratum habeat, alter non habeat, sine dubio committetur stipulatio pro ea parte, pro qua ratum non habebitur, quia in id committitur, quod stipulatoris intersit. nam et si ipse dominus pro parte ratum habuerit, pro parte non habuerit, non ultra quam in partem committetur stipulatio, quia in id committitur, quod intersit agentis. et ideo saepius ex ea stipulatione agi potest, prout intersit agentis, quod litigat, quod consumit, quod advocat, quod damnatus solvit, sicut in stipulatione damni infecti accidere potest, ut is qui stipulatus sit subinde agat: cavet enim ‘si quid ibi ruet scindetur fodietur aedificabitur’. finge ergo subinde damnum dari: non erit dubium, quin agere possit: nam si toto damno computato tunc agendum est, propemodum non ante aget, quam dies stipulationis praeterierit, intra quem si damnum datum sit, stipulatione cautum erit: quod verum non est.
Pomponius, On Sabinus, Book XXVI. Where an agent has furnished security that his principal or the heir of the latter will ratify his act, and one of the heirs of the principal ratifies it, but the other does not, there is no doubt that the stipulation will take effect, so far as that part of the act which was ratified is concerned, because it becomes effective for something in which the stipulator is interested. For even if the principal himself should ratify the transaction in part, the stipulation will not become operative, except in part, as it does so only with reference to that in which the plaintiff has an interest. Hence, proceedings can be instituted several times under this stipulation, according to the interest of the plaintiff: because he brings the action; because of his expense; because of the persons he represents; and because, when judgment is rendered against him, he must pay. For it may happen under a stipulation for the prevention of threatened injury that the stipulator may bring several actions; as it is provided in the bond that, “If anything falls, is divided, is excavated, or is constructed, liability will result.” Suppose, then, that damage is repeatedly caused. There is no doubt that proceedings can be instituted, for if an action can only be brought when all possible injury has been sustained, it almost inevitably follows that this cannot be done before the time prescribed by the stipulation has passed, within which security was furnished for any immediate damage which might be caused. This is not correct.