Corpus iurisprudentiae Romanae

Repertorium zu den Quellen des römischen Rechts

Digesta Iustiniani Augusti

Recognovit Mommsen (1870) et retractavit Krüger (1968)
Convertit in Anglica lingua Scott (1932)
Paul.quaest. V
Paul. Quaestionum lib.Pauli Quaestionum libri

Quaestionum libri

Ex libro V

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Dig. 1,1De iustitia et iure (Concerning Justice and Law.)Dig. 1,2De origine iuris et omnium magistratuum et successione prudentium (Concerning the Origin of Law and of All Magistrates, Together With a Succession of Jurists.)Dig. 1,3De legibus senatusque consultis et longa consuetudine (Concerning Statutes, Decrees of the Senate, and Long Established Customs.)Dig. 1,4De constitutionibus principum (Concerning the Constitutions of the Emperors.)Dig. 1,5De statu hominum (Concerning the Condition of Men.)Dig. 1,6De his qui sui vel alieni iuris sunt (Concerning Those Who Are Their Own Masters, and Those That Are Under the Control of Others.)Dig. 1,7De adoptionibus et emancipationibus et aliis modis quibus potestas solvitur (Concerning Adoptions and Emancipations, and Other Methods by Which Paternal Authority is Dissolved.)Dig. 1,8De divisione rerum et qualitate (Concerning the Division and Nature of Things.)Dig. 1,9De senatoribus (Concerning Senators.)Dig. 1,10De officio consulis (Concerning the Office of Consul.)Dig. 1,11De officio praefecti praetorio (Concerning the Office of Prætorian Prefect.)Dig. 1,12De officio praefecti urbi (Concerning the Office of Prefect of the City.)Dig. 1,13De officio quaestoris (Concerning the Office of Quæstor.)Dig. 1,14De officio praetorum (Concerning the Office of the Prætors.)Dig. 1,15De officio praefecti vigilum (Concerning the Office of Prefect of the Night Watch.)Dig. 1,16De officio proconsulis et legati (Concerning the Office of Proconsul, and his Deputy.)Dig. 1,17De officio praefecti Augustalis (Concerning the Office of Augustal Prefect.)Dig. 1,18De officio praesidis (Concerning the Office of Governor.)Dig. 1,19De officio procuratoris Caesaris vel rationalis (Concerning the Office of the Imperial Steward or Accountant.)Dig. 1,20De officio iuridici (Concerning the Office of Juridicus.)Dig. 1,21De officio eius, cui mandata est iurisdictio (Concerning the Office of Him to Whom Jurisdiction is Delegated.)Dig. 1,22De officio adsessorum (Concerning the Office of Assessors.)
Dig. 2,1De iurisdictione (Concerning Jurisdiction.)Dig. 2,2Quod quisque iuris in alterum statuerit, ut ipse eodem iure utatur (Each One Must Himself Use the Law Which He Has Established for Others.)Dig. 2,3Si quis ius dicenti non obtemperaverit (Where Anyone Refuses Obedience to a Magistrate Rendering Judgment.)Dig. 2,4De in ius vocando (Concerning Citations Before a Court of Justice.)Dig. 2,5Si quis in ius vocatus non ierit sive quis eum vocaverit, quem ex edicto non debuerit (Where Anyone Who is Summoned Does Not Appear, and Where Anyone Summoned a Person Whom, According to the Edict, He Should Not Have Summoned.)Dig. 2,6In ius vocati ut eant aut satis vel cautum dent (Persons Who Are Summoned Must Either Appear, or Give Bond or Security to Do So.)Dig. 2,7Ne quis eum qui in ius vocabitur vi eximat (No One Can Forcibly Remove a Person Who Has Been Summoned to Court.)Dig. 2,8Qui satisdare cogantur vel iurato promittant vel suae promissioni committantur (What Persons Are Compelled to Give a Surety, and Who Can Make a Promise Under Oath, or Be Bound by a Mere Promise.)Dig. 2,9Si ex noxali causa agatur, quemadmodum caveatur (In What Way Security Must Be Given in a Noxal Action.)Dig. 2,10De eo per quem factum erit quominus quis in iudicio sistat (Concerning One Who Prevents a Person From Appearing in Court.)Dig. 2,11Si quis cautionibus in iudicio sistendi causa factis non obtemperaverit (Where a Party Who Has Given a Bond to Appear in Court Does Not Do So.)Dig. 2,12De feriis et dilationibus et diversis temporibus (Concerning Festivals, Delays, and Different Seasons.)Dig. 2,13De edendo (Concerning the Statement of a Case.)Dig. 2,14 (0,4 %)De pactis (Concerning Agreements.)Dig. 2,15De transactionibus (Concerning Compromises.)
Dig. 27,1De excusationibus (Concerning the Excuses of Guardians and Curators.)Dig. 27,2Ubi pupillus educari vel morari debeat et de alimentis ei praestandis (Where a Ward Should Be Brought Up, or Reside, and Concerning the Support Which Should Be Furnished Him.)Dig. 27,3De tutelae et rationibus distrahendis et utili curationis causa actione (Concerning the Action to Compel an Accounting for Guardianship, and the Equitable Action Based on Curatorship.)Dig. 27,4De contraria tutelae et utili actione (Concerning the Counter-action on Guardianship and the Prætorian Action.)Dig. 27,5De eo qui pro tutore prove curatore negotia gessit (Concerning One Who Transacts Business as Acting Guardian or Curator.)Dig. 27,6Quod falso tutore auctore gestum esse dicatur (Concerning Business Transacted Under the Authority of a False Guardian.)Dig. 27,7De fideiussoribus et nominatoribus et heredibus tutorum et curatorum (Concerning the Sureties of Guardians and Curators and Those Who Have Offered Them, and the Heirs of the Former.)Dig. 27,8De magistratibus conveniendis (Concerning Suits Against Magistrates.)Dig. 27,9De rebus eorum, qui sub tutela vel cura sunt, sine decreto non alienandis vel supponendis (Concerning the Property of Those Who Are Under Guardianship or Curatorship, and With Reference To The Alienation or Encumbrance of Their Property Without a Decree.)Dig. 27,10De curatoribus furioso et aliis extra minores dandis (Concerning the Appointment of Curators for Insane Persons and Others Who Are Not Minors.)
Dig. 37,1De bonorum possessionibus (Concerning the Prætorian Possession of Property.)Dig. 37,2Si tabulae testamenti extabunt (Concerning Prætorian Possession Where There is a Will.)Dig. 37,3De bonorum possessione furioso infanti muto surdo caeco competente (Concerning the Prætorian Possession of Property Granted to an Insane Person, an Infant, or One Who is Dumb, Deaf, or Blind.)Dig. 37,4De bonorum possessione contra tabulas (Concerning the Prætorian Possession of Property Contrary to the Provisions of the Will.)Dig. 37,5De legatis praestandis contra tabulas bonorum possessione petita (Concerning the Payment of Legacies Where Prætorian Possession of an Estate is Obtained Contrary to the Provisions of the Will.)Dig. 37,6De collatione bonorum (Concerning the Collation of Property.)Dig. 37,7De dotis collatione (Concerning Collation of the Dowry.)Dig. 37,8De coniungendis cum emancipato liberis eius (Concerning the Contribution to be Made Between an Emancipated Son and His Children.)Dig. 37,9De ventre in possessionem mittendo et curatore eius (Concerning the Placing of an Unborn Child in Possession of an Estate, and his Curator.)Dig. 37,10De Carboniano edicto (Concerning the Carbonian Edict.)Dig. 37,11De bonorum possessione secundum tabulas (Concerning Prætorian Possession of an Estate in Accordance with the Provisions of the Will.)Dig. 37,12Si a parente quis manumissus sit (Concerning Prætorian Possession Where a Son Has Been Manumitted by His Father.)Dig. 37,13De bonorum possessione ex testamento militis (Concerning Prætorian Possession of an Estate in the Case of the Will of a Soldier.)Dig. 37,14De iure patronatus (Concerning the Right of Patronage.)Dig. 37,15De obsequiis parentibus et patronis praestandis (Concerning the Respect Which Should be Shown to Parents and Patrons.)
Dig. 38,1De operis libertorum (Concerning the Services of Freedmen.)Dig. 38,2 (2,8 %)De bonis libertorum (Concerning the Property of Freedmen.)Dig. 38,3De libertis universitatium (Concerning the Freedmen of Municipalities.)Dig. 38,4De adsignandis libertis (Concerning the Assignment of Freedmen.)Dig. 38,5Si quid in fraudem patroni factum sit (Where Anything is Done to Defraud the Patron.)Dig. 38,6Si tabulae testamenti nullae extabunt, unde liberi (Where no Will is in Existence by Which Children May be Benefited.)Dig. 38,7Unde legitimi (Concerning Prætorian Possession by Agnates.)Dig. 38,8Unde cognati (Concerning the Prætorian Possession Granted to Cognates.)Dig. 38,9De successorio edicto (Concerning the Successory Edict.)Dig. 38,10De gradibus et adfinibus et nominibus eorum (Concerning the Degrees of Relationship and Affinity and Their Different Names.)Dig. 38,11Unde vir et uxor (Concerning Prætorian Possession With Reference to Husband and Wife.)Dig. 38,12De veteranorum et militum successione (Concerning the Succession of Veterans and Soldiers.)Dig. 38,13Quibus non competit bonorum possessio (Concerning Those Who are Not Entitled to Prætorian Possession of an Estate.)Dig. 38,14Ut ex legibus senatusve consultis bonorum possessio detur (Concerning Prætorian Possession of Property Granted by Special Laws or Decrees of the Senate.)Dig. 38,15Quis ordo in possessionibus servetur (What Order is to be Observed in Granting Prætorian Possession.)Dig. 38,16De suis et legitimis heredibus (Concerning Proper Heirs and Heirs at Law.)Dig. 38,17Ad senatus consultum Tertullianum et Orphitianum (On the Tertullian and Orphitian Decrees of the Senate.)
Dig. 40,1De manumissionibus (Concerning Manumissions.)Dig. 40,2De manumissis vindicta (Concerning Manumissions Before a Magistrate.)Dig. 40,3De manumissionibus quae servis ad universitatem pertinentibus imponuntur (Concerning the Manumission of Slaves Belonging to a Community.)Dig. 40,4De manumissis testamento (Concerning Testamentary Manumissions.)Dig. 40,5De fideicommissariis libertatibus (Concerning Freedom Granted Under the Terms of a Trust.)Dig. 40,6De ademptione libertatis (Concerning the Deprivation of Freedom.)Dig. 40,7De statuliberis (Concerning Slaves Who are to be Free Under a Certain Condition.)Dig. 40,8 (29,6 %)Qui sine manumissione ad libertatem perveniunt (Concerning Slaves Who Obtain Their Freedom Without Manumission.)Dig. 40,9Qui et a quibus manumissi liberi non fiunt et ad legem Aeliam Sentiam (What Slaves, Having Been Manumitted, do not Become Free, by Whom This is Done; and on the Law of Ælia Sentia.)Dig. 40,10De iure aureorum anulorum (Concerning the Right to Wear a Gold Ring.)Dig. 40,11De natalibus restituendis (Concerning the Restitution of the Rights of Birth.)Dig. 40,12De liberali causa (Concerning Actions Relating to Freedom.)Dig. 40,13Quibus ad libertatem proclamare non licet (Concerning Those Who are Not Permitted to Demand Their Freedom.)Dig. 40,14Si ingenuus esse dicetur (Where Anyone is Decided to be Freeborn.)Dig. 40,15Ne de statu defunctorum post quinquennium quaeratur (No Question as to the Condition of Deceased Persons Shall be Raised After Five Years Have Elapsed After Their Death.)Dig. 40,16De collusione detegenda (Concerning the Detection of Collusion.)
Dig. 43,1De interdictis sive extraordinariis actionibus, quae pro his competunt (Concerning Interdicts or the Extraordinary Proceedings to Which They Give Rise.)Dig. 43,2Quorum bonorum (Concerning the Interdict Quorum Bonorum.)Dig. 43,3Quod legatorum (Concerning the Interdict Quod Legatorum.)Dig. 43,4Ne vis fiat ei, qui in possessionem missus erit (Concerning the Interdict Which Prohibits Violence Being Employed Against a Person Placed in Possession.)Dig. 43,5De tabulis exhibendis (Concerning the Production of Papers Relating to a Will.)Dig. 43,6Ne quid in loco sacro fiat (Concerning the Interdict for the Purpose of Preventing Anything Being Done in a Sacred Place.)Dig. 43,7De locis et itineribus publicis (Concerning the Interdict Relating to Public Places and Highways.)Dig. 43,8Ne quid in loco publico vel itinere fiat (Concerning the Interdict Forbidding Anything to be Done in a Public Place or on a Highway.)Dig. 43,9De loco publico fruendo (Concerning the Edict Relating to the Enjoyment of a Public Place.)Dig. 43,10De via publica et si quid in ea factum esse dicatur (Concerning the Edict Which Has Reference to Public Streets and Anything Done Therein.)Dig. 43,11De via publica et itinere publico reficiendo (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to Repairs of Public Streets and Highways.)Dig. 43,12De fluminibus. ne quid in flumine publico ripave eius fiat, quo peius navigetur (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to Rivers and the Prevention of Anything Being Done in Them or on Their Banks Which May Interfere With Navigation.)Dig. 43,13Ne quid in flumine publico fiat, quo aliter aqua fluat, atque uti priore aestate fluxit (Concerning the Interdict to Prevent Anything From Being Built in a Public River or on Its Bank Which Might Cause the Water to Flow in a Different Direction Than it did During the Preceding Summer.)Dig. 43,14Ut in flumine publico navigare liceat (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to the Use of a Public River for Navigation.)Dig. 43,15De ripa munienda (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to Raising the Banks of Streams.)Dig. 43,16De vi et de vi armata (Concerning the Interdict Against Violence and Armed Force.)Dig. 43,17Uti possidetis (Concerning the Interdict Uti Possidetis.)Dig. 43,18De superficiebus (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to the Surface of the Land.)Dig. 43,19De itinere actuque privato (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to Private Rights of Way.)Dig. 43,20De aqua cottidiana et aestiva (Concerning the Edict Which Has Reference to Water Used Every Day and to Such as is Only Used During the Summer.)Dig. 43,21De rivis (Concerning the Interdict Having Reference to Conduits.)Dig. 43,22De fonte (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to Springs.)Dig. 43,23De cloacis (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to Sewers.)Dig. 43,24Quod vi aut clam (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to Works Undertaken by Violence or Clandestinely.)Dig. 43,25De remissionibus (Concerning the Withdrawal of Opposition.)Dig. 43,26De precario (Concerning Precarious Tenures.)Dig. 43,27De arboribus caedendis (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to the Cutting of Trees.)Dig. 43,28De glande legenda (Concerning the Interdict Having Reference to the Gathering of Fruit Which Has Fallen From the Premises of One Person Upon Those of Another.)Dig. 43,29De homine libero exhibendo (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to the Production of a Person Who Is Free.)Dig. 43,30De liberis exhibendis, item ducendis (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to the Production of Children and Their Recovery.)Dig. 43,31Utrubi (Concerning the Interdict Utrubi.)Dig. 43,32De migrando (Concerning the Interdict Having Reference to the Removal of Tenants.)Dig. 43,33De Salviano interdicto (Concerning the Salvian Interdict.)
Dig. 47,1De privatis delictis (Concerning Private Offences.)Dig. 47,2De furtis (Concerning Thefts.)Dig. 47,3De tigno iuncto (Concerning the Theft of Timbers Joined to a Building.)Dig. 47,4Si is, qui testamento liber esse iussus erit, post mortem domini ante aditam hereditatem subripuisse aut corrupisse quid dicetur (Where Anyone Who is Ordered to be Free by the Terms of a Will, After the Death of His Master and Before the Estate is Entered Upon, is Said to Have Stolen or Spoiled Something.)Dig. 47,5Furti adversus nautas caupones stabularios (Concerning Theft Committed Against Captains of Vessels, Innkeepers, and Landlords.)Dig. 47,6Si familia furtum fecisse dicetur (Concerning Thefts Alleged to Have Been Made by an Entire Body of Slaves.)Dig. 47,7Arborum furtim caesarum (Concerning Trees Cut Down by Stealth.)Dig. 47,8Vi bonorum raptorum et de turba (Concerning the Robbery of Property by Violence, and Disorderly Assemblages.)Dig. 47,9De incendio ruina naufragio rate nave expugnata (Concerning Fire, Destruction, and Shipwreck, Where a Boat or a Ship is Taken by Force.)Dig. 47,10De iniuriis et famosis libellis (Concerning Injuries and Infamous Libels.)Dig. 47,11De extraordinariis criminibus (Concerning the Arbitrary Punishment of Crime.)Dig. 47,12De sepulchro violato (Concerning the Violation of Sepulchres.)Dig. 47,13De concussione (Concerning Extortion.)Dig. 47,14De abigeis (Concerning Those Who Steal Cattle.)Dig. 47,15De praevaricatione (Concerning Prevarication.)Dig. 47,16De receptatoribus (Concerning Those Who Harbor Criminals.)Dig. 47,17De furibus balneariis (Concerning Thieves Who Steal in Baths.)Dig. 47,18De effractoribus et expilatoribus (Concerning Those Who Break Out of Prison, and Plunderers.)Dig. 47,19Expilatae hereditatis (Concerning the Spoliation of Estates.)Dig. 47,20Stellionatus (Concerning Stellionatus.)Dig. 47,21De termino moto (Concerning the Removal of Boundaries.)Dig. 47,22De collegiis et corporibus (Concerning Associations and Corporations.)Dig. 47,23De popularibus actionibus (Concerning Popular Actions.)
Dig. 48,1De publicis iudiciis (On Criminal Prosecutions.)Dig. 48,2De accusationibus et inscriptionibus (Concerning Accusations and Inscriptions.)Dig. 48,3De custodia et exhibitione reorum (Concerning the Custody and Appearance of Defendants in Criminal Cases.)Dig. 48,4Ad legem Iuliam maiestatis (On the Julian Law Relating to the Crime of Lese Majesty.)Dig. 48,5Ad legem Iuliam de adulteriis coercendis (Concerning the Julian Law for the Punishment of Adultery.)Dig. 48,6Ad legem Iuliam de vi publica (Concerning the Julian Law on Public Violence.)Dig. 48,7Ad legem Iuliam de vi privata (Concerning the Julian Law Relating to Private Violence.)Dig. 48,8Ad legem Corneliam de siccariis et veneficis (Concerning the Cornelian Law Relating to Assassins and Poisoners.)Dig. 48,9De lege Pompeia de parricidiis (Concerning the Pompeian Law on Parricides.)Dig. 48,10De lege Cornelia de falsis et de senatus consulto Liboniano (Concerning the Cornelian Law on Deceit and the Libonian Decree of the Senate.)Dig. 48,11De lege Iulia repetundarum (Concerning the Julian Law on Extortion.)Dig. 48,12De lege Iulia de annona (Concerning the Julian Law on Provisions.)Dig. 48,13Ad legem Iuliam peculatus et de sacrilegis et de residuis (Concerning the Julian Law Relating to Peculation, Sacrilege, and Balances.)Dig. 48,14De lege Iulia ambitus (Concerning the Julian Law With Reference to the Unlawful Seeking of Office.)Dig. 48,15De lege Fabia de plagiariis (Concerning the Favian Law With Reference to Kidnappers.)Dig. 48,16Ad senatus consultum Turpillianum et de abolitionibus criminum (Concerning the Turpillian Decree of the Senate and the Dismissal of Charges.)Dig. 48,17De requirendis vel absentibus damnandis (Concerning the Conviction of Persons Who Are Sought For or Are Absent.)Dig. 48,18De quaestionibus (Concerning Torture.)Dig. 48,19De poenis (Concerning Punishments.)Dig. 48,20De bonis damnatorum (Concerning the Property of Persons Who Have Been Convicted.)Dig. 48,21De bonis eorum, qui ante sententiam vel mortem sibi consciverunt vel accusatorem corruperunt (Concerning the Property of Those Who Have Either Killed Themselves or Corrupted Their Accusers Before Judgment Has Been Rendered.)Dig. 48,22De interdictis et relegatis et deportatis (Concerning Persons Who Are Interdicted, Relegated, and Deported.)Dig. 48,23De sententiam passis et restitutis (Concerning Persons Upon Whom Sentence Has Been Passed and Who Have Been Restored to Their Rights.)Dig. 48,24De cadaveribus punitorum (Concerning the Corpses of Persons Who Are Punished.)
Dig. 49,1De appellationibus et relegationibus (On Appeals and Reports.)Dig. 49,2A quibus appellari non licet (From What Persons It Is Not Permitted to Appeal.)Dig. 49,3Quis a quo appelletur (To Whom and From Whom an Appeal Can be Taken.)Dig. 49,4Quando appellandum sit et intra quae tempora (When an Appeal Should be Taken, and Within What Time.)Dig. 49,5De appellationibus recipiendis vel non (Concerning the Acceptance or Rejection of Appeals.)Dig. 49,6De libellis dimissoriis, qui apostoli dicuntur (Concerning Notices of Appeal Called Dispatches.)Dig. 49,7Nihil innovari appellatione interposita (No Change Shall be Made After the Appeal Has Been Interposed.)Dig. 49,8Quae sententiae sine appellatione rescindantur (What Decisions Can be Rescinded Without an Appeal.)Dig. 49,9An per alium causae appellationum reddi possunt (Whether the Reasons for an Appeal Can be Presented by Another.)Dig. 49,10Si tutor vel curator magistratusve creatus appellaverit (Where a Guardian, a Curator, or a Magistrate Having Been Appointed, Appeals.)Dig. 49,11Eum qui appellaverit in provincia defendi (He Who Appeals Should Be Defended in His Own Province.)Dig. 49,12Apud eum, a quo appellatur, aliam causam agere compellendum (Where a Party Litigant is Compelled to Bring Another Action Before the Judge From Whose Decision He Has Already Appealed.)Dig. 49,13Si pendente appellatione mors intervenerit (If Death Should Occur While an Appeal is Pending.)Dig. 49,14De iure fisci (Concerning the Rights of the Treasury.)Dig. 49,15De captivis et de postliminio et redemptis ab hostibus (Concerning Captives, the Right of Postliminium, and Persons Ransomed From the Enemy.)Dig. 49,16De re militari (Concerning Military Affairs.)Dig. 49,17De castrensi peculio (Concerning Castrense Peculium.)Dig. 49,18De veteranis (Concerning Veterans.)

Dig. 2,14,43Paulus libro quinto quaestionum. In emptionibus scimus, quid praestare debitor debeat quidque ex contrario emptor: quod si in contrahendo aliquid exceptum fuerit, id servari debebit.

Paulus, Questions, Book V. In making sales we know what acts the debtor must perform on the one hand, and what the purchaser must do on the other; but if any different terms are inserted in the contract they must be observed.

Dig. 18,4,6Idem libro quinto quaestionum. Emptori nominis etiam pignoris persecutio praestari debet eius quoque, quod postea venditor accepit: nam beneficium venditoris prodest emptori.

Ad Dig. 18,4,6ROHGE, Bd. 5 (1872), S. 44: Uebergang des Rechts, eine Handlung des Cridars mit der actio Pauliana anzufechten, auf den Cessionar.The Same, Questions, Book V. The right of action for the recovery of a pledge should also be assigned to the purchaser, even where the pledge has been received by the vendor after the sale; for the advantages of the vendor must accrue to the purchaser.

Dig. 18,5,7Idem libro quinto quaestionum. Si id quod pure emi sub condicione rursus emam, nihil agitur posteriore emptione. 1Si pupilli persona intervenit, qui ante sine tutoris auctoritate, deinde tutore auctore emit, quamvis venditor iam ei obligatus fuit, tamen quia pupillus non tenebatur, renovata venditio efficit, ut invicem obligati sint: quod si ante tutoris auctoritas intervenerit, deinde sine tutore auctore emit, nihil actum est posteriore emptione. idem potest quaeri, si sine tutoris auctoritate pactus fuerit, ut discedatur ab emptione: an proinde sit, atque si ab initio sine tutoris auctoritate emisset, ut scilicet ipse non teneatur, sed agente eo retentiones competant. sed nec illud sine ratione dicetur, quoniam initio recte emptio sit contracta, vix bonae fidei convenire eo pacto stari, quod alteri captiosum sit, et maxime, si iusto errore sit deceptus.

The Same, Questions, Book V. If I purchase a second time, under a condition, something which I have already purchased absolutely, the subsequent purchase is void. 1Ad Dig. 18,5,7,1Windscheid: Lehrbuch des Pandektenrechts, 7. Aufl. 1891, Bd. II, § 321, Note 22.Where a ward personally makes a contract without the authority of his guardian, and afterwards makes a purchase with his consent, although the vendor is already bound by a contract with him, still, because the ward is not liable, the sale is renewed in order that they may be mutually bound. If the authority of the guardian was interposed in the first place, and afterwards the ward made a purchase without his authority, the second purchase is void. The question may also be raised if the purchase can be annulled, where an agreement was entered into by the ward without the authority of his guardian, since such an agreement has the same effect as if the ward had, in the first place, made the purchase without the authority of his guardian, and therefore he himself is not liable; but if he brings an action for the property, can the vendor retain it until it is paid for? It may reasonably be held, however, that since the purchase was properly contracted for in the beginning, it is hardly consistent with good faith that an agreement should be adhered to if, by means of it, the other party should be taken at a disadvantage; and this is especially the case if the latter was misled by a plausible error.

Dig. 18,7,9Paulus libro quinto quaestionum. Titius servum vendidit ea lege, ut, si Romae moratus esset, manus inicere liceret: emptor alii eadem lege vendidit: servus fugit a secundo emptore et Romae moratur: quaero, an sit manus iniectio et cui. respondi: in fugitivo non est dubitandum nihil contra legem factum videri, quia nec domino auferre se potest nec qui in fuga est ibi moratur. quod si ex voluntate secundo emptoris contra legem moratus sit, potior habendus est qui auctor fuit legis, et posterior magis admonendi emptoris et liberandi se eandem legem repetierit nec poterit aliquo modo auferre legem sui venditoris cuius condicio exstitit: nam et si poenam promisisset, tenetur, licet ipse quoque stipulatus esset: sed in poena promissa duae actiones sunt, manus autem iniectio in servum competit. quod si prior ita vendidit, ut prostituta libera esset, posterior, ut manus inicere liceret, potior est libertas quam manus iniectio. plane si prior lex manus habeat iniectionem, posterior libertatem, favorabilius dicetur liberam fore, quoniam utraque condicio pro mancipio additur et sicut manus iniectio, ita libertas eximit eam iniuriam.

Paulus, Questions, Book V. Titius sold a slave on condition that if he remained at Rome he would be permitted to arrest him. The purchaser sold him to another party under the same condition, and the slave escaped from the second purchaser, and remained at Rome. I ask whether he could be arrested, and if this was the case, by whom? I answered, there was no doubt that, as he was a fugitive, nothing would be held to have been done contrary to the condition, as he had no right to leave his master; nor, merely because he was a fugitive, could he establish his residence at Rome. If, however, he remained there with the consent of the second purchaser, the party who imposed the condition should be preferred, and the second vendor is only held to have had recourse to it for the purpose of warning the purchaser, and releasing himself from liability; for he could, in no way deprive his vendor of the benefit given by the condition, as if he promised to pay a penalty he would be liable even though he himself had also stipulated for the same penalty. But where a penalty is promised, two actions will lie, and the slave can be arrested. If, however, the first vendor made the sale under the condition that if the slave became a prostitute she should be free, and the second one that she could be seized; freedom will be preferred to the right of arrest. It is clear that if the first condition included the right of seizure, and the last one that of freedom, it must be held that the one granting her freedom will have the preference; since both conditions are added for the benefit of the slave, and, as arrest by the vendor releases her from harm, so freedom produces the same effect.

Dig. 19,1,43Idem libro quinto quaestionum. Titius cum decederet, Seiae Stichum Pamphilum Arescusam per fideicommissum reliquit eiusque fidei commisit, ut omnes ad libertatem post annum perduceret. cum legataria fideicommissum ad se pertinere noluisset nec tamen heredem a sua petitione liberasset, heres eadem mancipia Sempronio vendidit nulla commemoratione fideicommissae libertatis facta: emptor cum pluribus annis mancipia supra scripta sibi servissent, Arescusam manumisit, et cum ceteri quoque servi cognita voluntate defuncti fideicommissam libertatem petissent et heredem ad praetorem perduxissent, iussu praetoris ab herede sunt manumissi. Arescusa quoque nolle se emptorem patronum habere responderat. cum emptor pretium a venditore empti iudicio Arescusae quoque nomine repeteret, lectum est responsum Domitii Ulpiani, quo continebatur Arescusam pertinere ad rescriptum sacrarum constitutionum, si nollet emptorem patronum habere: emptorem tamen nihil posse post manumissionem a venditore consequi. ego cum meminissem et Iulianum in ea sententia esse, ut existimaret post manumissionem quoque empti actionem durare, quaero, quae sententia vera est. illud etiam in eadem cognitione nomine emptoris desiderabatur, ut sumptus, quos in unum ex his quem erudierat fecerat, ei restituerentur. idem quaero, Arescusa, quae recusavit emptorem patronum habere, cuius sit liberta constituta? an possit vel legatariam quae non liberavit vel heredem patronum habere? nam ceteri duo ab herede manumissi sunt. respondi: semper probavi Iuliani sententiam putantis manumissione non amittitur eo modo. de sumptibus vero, quos in erudiendum hominem emptor fecit, videndum est: nam empti iudicium ad eam quoque speciem sufficere existimo: non enim pretium continet tantum, sed omne quod interest emptoris servum non evinci. plane si in tantum pretium excedisse proponas, ut non sit cogitatum a venditore de tanta summa (veluti si ponas agitatorem postea factum vel pantomimum evictum esse eum, qui minimo veniit pretio), iniquum videtur in magnam quantitatem obligari venditorem,

Ad Dig. 19,1,43Windscheid: Lehrbuch des Pandektenrechts, 7. Aufl. 1891, Bd. II, § 258, Note 14.The Same, Questions, Book V. When Titius died, he left Stichus, Pamphilus, and Arescusa in trust to Seia, and directed that all of them should be given their freedom after the lapse of a year. As the legatee was unwilling to accept the trust, and still could not release the heir from the claim which she had against him, the heir sold the said slaves to Sempronius, without mentioning that their freedom had been bequeathed by the terms of the trust. The purchaser, after having made use of the labor of the aforesaid slaves for several years, manumitted Arescusa; and when the other slaves, having ascertained the intentions of the deceased, demanded their freedom granted under the trust, and brought the heir before the Prætor, the slaves were manumitted by the former on the order of the Prætor. Arescusa answered that she was unwilling to have the purchaser for her patron. When proceedings were instituted by the purchaser in an action on purchase to recover from the vendor the price paid for the slaves including Arescusa; an opinion of Domitius Ulpianus was read, in which it was held that if Arescusa declined to have the purchaser for her patron, her act was justified by a rescript of the Imperial Constitutions, but that the purchaser, after her manumission, could not recover anything from the vendor. I remember that Julianus held, with reference to this opinion, that the right to an action on purchase continued to exist even after the manumission, and I ask which opinion is correct? In this proceeding it was petitioned in the name of the purchaser, that the expenses which he had incurred in the instruction of one of the slaves should be refunded to him. I also ask, since Arescusa refused to have the purchaser as her patron, by whose act she was liberated, and whether she could have either the legatee who did not liberate her, or the heir as her patron, for the other two slaves were manumitted by the heir. I answered that I have always approved the opinion of Julianus, who thought that the right of action was not extinguished in this way by manumission. But with reference to the expenses which the purchaser incurred in the instruction of the slave, there is a point to be considered, for I think that an action on purchase will be sufficient in a case of this kind, since not only is the price involved, but all the interest of the purchaser in not being deprived of the slave by eviction. It is clear that if the expense incurred in the case you suggest exceeds the price to such an extent that the vendor would not have thought that it would amount to so much; as, for instance, if we suppose that the slave was purchased for a small sum and instructed as a charioteer or an actor, and the owner was afterwards deprived of him by eviction, it would seem to be unjust for the vendor to be liable for a larger amount.

Dig. 19,1,45Paulus libro quinto quaestionum. idque et Iulianum agitasse Africanus refert: quod iustum est: sicut minuitur praestatio, si servus deterior apud emptorem effectus sit, cum evincitur. 1Illud expeditius videbatur, si mihi alienam aream vendideris et in eam ego aedificavero atque ita eam dominus evincit: nam quia possim petentem dominum, nisi impensam aedificiorum solvat, doli mali exceptione summovere, magis est, ut ea res ad periculum venditoris non pertineat. quod et in servo dicendum est, si in servitutem, non in libertatem evinceretur, ut dominus mercedes et impensas praestare debeat. quod si emptor non possideat aedificium vel servum, ex empto habebit actionem. in omnibus tamen his casibus, si sciens quis alienum vendiderit, omnimodo teneri debet. 2Superest tertia deliberatio, cuius debet esse liberta Arescusa, quae recusat emptorem. et non sine ratione dicetur eius debere effici libertam, a quo vendita est, id est heredis, quia et ipse ex empto actione tenetur: sed hoc ita, si non Arescusa elegerit emptoris patronatum: tunc etenim et illius remanet liberta et ille ex empto actionem non habet, quia nihil eius interest, cum eam libertam habet.

Ad Dig. 19,1,45Windscheid: Lehrbuch des Pandektenrechts, 7. Aufl. 1891, Bd. II, § 258, Note 14.Paulus, Questions, Book V. Africanus states that Julianus held the same opinion, and this is just, as the amount to be paid will be diminished if the value of the slave has depreciated while in the hands of the purchaser, when he is recovered by a better title. 1Ad Dig. 19,1,45,1ROHGE, Bd. 20 (1877), Nr. 99, S. 398: Einfluß der Konkurrenz der culpa levis des Beschädigten auf die Haftung des Beschädigers.The following is held to be more convenient, namely, if you should sell me a vacant lot belonging to another, and I should build upon it, and the owner of the property should recover it by eviction; for since the latter, in bringing an action to recover said property, can be barred by an exception on the ground of bad faith unless he pays the cost of the buildings, the better opinion is that the vendor is not responsible for this. It must also be held in the case of a slave that, if he is recovered under a better title, while he is still in slavery and not after he has been set free, the owner must make good any outlay and expenses incurred on his account. If the buyer is not in possession of the building or the slave, he will be entitled to an action on purchase. In all these instances, if anyone knowingly sells property belonging to another he will, unquestionably, be liable. 2There still remains the third point, that is to say, who shall be the patron of the freedwoman Arescusa, who refused to accept the purchaser as such? It is held, and not without reason, that she ought to become the freedwoman of the person by whom she is sold, that is to say, of the heir, because he himself is liable to an action on purchase. This only applies where Arescusa does not select the purchaser as her patron, for if she does, she will remain his freedwoman, and he will not be entitled to an action on purchase, because he has no longer any interest since he has her as his freedwoman.

Dig. 19,5,5Paulus libro quinto quaestionum. Naturalis meus filius servit tibi et tuus filius mihi: convenit inter nos, ut et tu meum manumitteres et ego tuum: ego manumisi, tu non manumissisti: qua actione mihi teneris, quaesitum est. in hac quaestione totius ob rem dati tractatus inspici potest. qui in his competit speciebus: aut enim do tibi ut des, aut do ut facias, aut facio ut des, aut facio ut facias: in quibus quaeritur, quae obligatio nascatur. 1Et si quidem pecuniam dem, ut rem accipiam, emptio et venditio est: sin autem rem do, ut rem accipiam, quia non placet permutationem rerum emptionem esse, dubium non est nasci civilem obligationem, in qua actione id veniet, non ut reddas quod acceperis, sed ut damneris mihi, quanti interest mea illud de quo convenit accipere: vel si meum recipere velim, repetatur quod datum est, quasi ob rem datum re non secuta. sed si scyphos tibi dedi, ut Stichum mihi dares, periculo meo Stichus erit ac tu dumtaxat culpam praestare debes. explicitus est articulus ille do ut des. 2At cum do ut facias, si tale sit factum, quod locari solet, puta ut tabulam pingas, pecunia data locatio erit, sicut superiore casu emptio: si rem do, non erit locatio, sed nascetur vel civilis actio in hoc quod mea interest vel ad repetendum condictio. quod si tale est factum, quod locari non possit, puta ut servum manumittas, sive certum tempus adiectum est, intra quod manumittatur idque, cum potuisset manumitti, vivo servo transierit, sive finitum non fuit et tantum temporis consumptum sit, ut potuerit debueritque manumitti, condici ei potest vel praescriptis verbis agi: quod his quae diximus convenit. sed si dedi tibi servum, ut servum tuum manumitteres, et manumissisti et is quem dedi evictus est, si sciens dedi, de dolo in me dandam actionem Iulianus scribit, si ignorans, in factum civilem. 3Quod si faciam ut des et posteaquam feci, cessas dare, nulla erit civilis actio, et ideo de dolo dabitur. 4Sed si facio ut facias, haec species tractatus plures recipit. nam si pacti sumus, ut tu a meo debitore Carthagine exigas, ego a tuo Romae, vel ut tu in meo, ego in tuo solo aedificem, et ego aedificavi et tu cessas, in priorem speciem mandatum quodammodo intervenisse videtur, sine quo exigi pecunia alieno nomine non potest: quamvis enim et impendia sequantur, tamen mutuum officium praestamus et potest mandatum ex pacto etiam naturam suam excedere (possum enim tibi mandare, ut et custodiam mihi praestes et non plus impendas in exigendo quam decem): et si eandem quantitatem impenderemus, nulla dubitatio est. sin autem alter fecit, ut et hic mandatum intervenisse videatur, quasi refundamus invicem impensas: neque enim de re tua tibi mando. sed tutius erit et in insulis fabricandis et in debitoribus exigendis praescriptis verbis dari actionem, quae actio similis erit mandati actioni, quemadmodum in superioribus casibus locationi et emptioni. 5Si ergo haec sunt, ubi de faciendo ab utroque convenit, et in proposita quaestione idem dici potest et necessario sequitur, ut eius fiat condemnatio, quanti interest mea servum habere quem manumisi. an deducendum erit, quod libertum habeo? sed hoc non potest aestimari.

Paulus, Questions, Book V. My natural son is in your service, and your son is in mine. It is agreed between us that you shall manumit mine, and that I shall manumit yours. I did so, but you did not. The question arose as to under what action you will be liable to me. In the consideration of this point every kind of transaction relative to the delivery of property must be taken into account which is shown in the following example, namely: I either give to you that you may give to me, or I give to you that you may perform some act, or I perform some act that you may give to me, or I perform some act for you that you may perform another for me. In these cases it may be asked what obligation arises. 1If, in fact, I give money that I may receive some property in return, the transaction is one of purchase and sale. If, however, I give an article in order to receive another, for the reason that it is not held that an exchange of property is a purchase, there is no doubt that a civil obligation arises on account of which an action can be brought, not to compel you to return what you have received, but that you may indemnify me to the extent of my interest in receiving the article which was the subject of the contract; or if I prefer to receive my property, an action can be brought to recover what was given, because property was given on one side but not on the other. If, however, I gave you certain cups in order that you might give Stichus to me, Stichus will be at my risk, and you will be responsible only for negligence. This is the explanation of the agreement, “I give in order that you may give.” 2But where I give in order that you may perform some act, and the act is such that it can be hired; for example that you may paint a picture, and money is paid, it will be a hiring, just as a purchase was made in the former instance. Where the transaction is not a hiring, a civil action either arises with reference to my interest, or a suit for the recovery of the property will lie. But if the act is such that it cannot be the subject of a contract for hire, as, for instance, that you manumit a slave, whether a certain time is added within which he must be manumitted, and when he could have been manumitted the time elapsed during the lifetime of the slave; or whether the time had not elapsed, but a sufficient period had passed when he could and should have been manumitted, an action can be brought for his recovery, or one for the construction of the contract. What we have already stated is applicable to these cases. If, however, I gave you a slave in order that you might manumit your slave, and you did so, and the one that I gave you is lost through a better title; if I gave him to you knowing that he was the property of another, Julianus says that an action based on fraud should be granted against me. If I was ignorant of the fact, a civil action in factum can be brought against me. 3If I perform some act in order that you may give me something, and after I have performed the act, you refuse to give it; a civil action will not lie, and therefore one on the ground of bad faith will be granted. 4If I perform some act in order that you may perform another, this includes several transactions. For if you and I agree that you can collect a claim from my debtor at Carthage, and that I can collect one from yours at Rome, or, that you may build a house on my land, in order that I may build one on yours, and I build mine, you fail to build yours; it is held that, in the former example, a mandate is given, as it were, without which money cannot be collected in the name of another. For even though expenses should be incurred on both sides, still, we are each doing a service for one another, and a mandate founded on an agreement may extend beyond its natural limits. For I can direct you to be responsible for the safe-keeping of the property, and, order that, in collecting the debt, you shall not spend more than ten aurei. Where we both spend the same amount, there can be no cause for dispute, but if only one performs the act, so that in this instance a mandate seems to have been given, for example, that he should refund to one another the expenses incurred by each, I give you no mandate with reference to your own property. It will, however, be safer both in the construction of houses and in the collection of debts, to hold that an action should be granted for the interpretation of the contract, which resembles an action on mandate, just as in the former cases a resemblance exists between the action on hiring and the one on sale. 5Hence, if these things are true, where it has been agreed upon by both parties to perform reciprocal acts, the same can be said with reference to the question proposed; and it necessarily follows that judgment must be rendered against you to the extent of my interest in the slave that I manumitted. Should a deduction be made because I now have a freedman? This, however, cannot be taken into consideration.

Dig. 21,1,57Idem libro quinto quaestionum. Si servus mancipium emit et dominus redhibitoria agat, non aliter ei venditor daturus est, quam si omnia praestiterit quae huic actioni continentur et quidem solida, non peculio tenus: nam et si ex empto dominus agat, nisi pretium totum solverit, nihil consequitur. 1Quod si servus vel filius vendiderit, redhibitoria in peculium competit. in peculio autem et causa redhibitionis continebitur: nec nos moveat, quod antequam reddatur servus non est in peculio (non enim potest esse in peculio servus, qui adhuc emptoris est): sed causa ipsius redhibitionis in peculio computatur: igitur si servus decem milibus emptus quinque milibus sit, haec quoque in peculio esse dicemus. hoc ita, si nihil domino debeat aut ademptum peculium non est: quod si plus domino debeat, eveniet, ut hominem praestet et nihil consequatur.

The Same, Questions, Book V. Where one slave purchases another, and his master brings an action for his return, the vendor is not obliged to pay him, unless he delivers to him everything included in this action, the whole amount in fact, and not merely what has reference to the peculium; for if the master brings an action on sale, unless he pays the entire purchase-money, he will not accomplish anything. 1Where, however, a slave or a son makes a sale, an action for the return of the slave will involve his peculium, and the ground for the return is also included in the peculium. Nor does it concern us that the slave was not part of the peculium before he was returned, for a slave cannot belong to the peculium who is still the property of the purchaser, but the ground for the return itself is considered to be part of the peculium. Therefore, if a slave purchased for ten thousand sesterces is only worth five thousand, we say that the latter sum belongs to the peculium. This is the case if he owes his master nothing, or has not been deprived of the peculium. If, however, he owes his master more, the result will be that he must surrender the slave, and will not recover anything.

Dig. 21,2,70Paulus libro quinto quaestionum. Evicta re ex empto actio non ad pretium dumtaxat recipiendum, sed ad id quod interest competit: ergo et, si minor esse coepit, damnum emptoris erit.

Paulus, Questions, Book V. Where property is evicted an action on purchase will not only lie for the recovery of the price, but also for the amount of the interest of the buyer. Hence, if the property has become less valuable, the loss must be sustained by the buyer.

Dig. 23,2,36Paulus libro quinto quaestionum. Tutor vel curator adultam uxorem ducere non potest, nisi a patre desponsa destinatave testamentove nominata condicione nuptiis secuta fuerit.

Paulus, Questions, Book V. A guardian or a curator cannot marry a grown woman who is committed to his care, unless she has been betrothed to, or intended for him by her father, or where the marriage takes place in accordance with some condition mentioned in his will.

Dig. 23,4,28Paulus libro quinto quaestionum. Quaeris, si pacta sit mulier vel ante nuptias vel post nuptias, ut ex fundi fructibus quem dedit in dotem creditor mulieris dimittatur, an valeat pactum? dico, si ante nuptias id convenerit, valere pactum eoque modo minorem dotem constitutam: post nuptias vero cum onera matrimonii fructus relevaturi sunt, iam de suo maritus paciscitur ut dimittat creditorem, et erit mera donatio.

Paulus, Questions, Book V. The question is asked whether, where a woman, either before or after marriage, agrees that her creditor shall be satisfied with the crops of land which she gave by way of dowry, will the agreement be valid? I say that it will be valid, if it is made before marriage and that in this way the dowry will be diminished; but if it is made after marriage, as the profits of the dowry are intended to relieve the matrimonial burdens, the husband practically consents to pay the creditor out of his own property, and the transaction will be a mere gift.

Dig. 23,5,10Paulus libro quinto quaestionum. Erit ergo potestas legis ambulatoria, quia dotalis fuit obligatio. numquid ergo etiam illo nondum redempto alterum quoque alienare possit, quia potest alterum redimere? an hoc non debet recipi, ut nullus in dote sit? certe ex post facto videbitur recte alienatus illo postea redempto.

Paulus, Questions, Book V. The application of this law is therefore indefinite, because the obligation was dotal. Hence where the husband was able to alienate one tract of land could he also alienate the other, because he had the right to repurchase the first, even if this had not yet been done? Or should this not be allowed, for fear either one of them might compose the dowry? It is certain that one of them would be held to have been lawfully alienated, if the other was afterwards redeemed.

Dig. 24,3,44Paulus libro quinto quaestionum. Si socer a genero heres institutus adierit hereditatem, quandoque mortuo patre cum herede eius filiam de dote acturam Nerva et Cato responderunt, ut est relatum apud Sextum Pomponium digestorum ab Aristone libro quinto: ibidem Aristoni consensit: ergo dicerem et si emancipasset pater filiam, ipsum quoque conveniri posse. 1Lucius Titius filiae suae nomine centum doti promisit Gaio Seio: inter Gaium Seium et Lucium Titium patrem mulieris convenit, ne dos a viro vivo Lucio Titio id est patre mulieris, peteretur: postea culpa mariti divortio facto solutum est matrimonium et pater mulieris decedens alios heredes instituit filia exheredata: quaero, an ab heredibus soceri maritus exigere dotem potest, cum eam mulieri redditurus est. respondi: cum filia aliis a patre heredibus institutis actionem de dote sua reciperanda habere coeperit, necesse habebit maritus aut exactam dotem aut actiones ei praestare: nec ullam exceptionem habebunt soceri heredes adversus eum, cum absurde dicitur dolo videri eum facere, qui non ipsi quem convenit sed alii restituturus petit: alioquin et si post mortem patris divortisset nondum exacta dote, excluderetur exactione dotis maritus, quod non est admittendum. sed et si ex parte filia heres patri suo exstiterit, debebit maritus coheredes eius pro parte virili exigere et mulieri reddere aut actiones ei praestare.

Paulus, Questions, Book V. If a father-in-law, appointed heir by his son-in-law, enters upon his estate, and the father dies, his daughter can bring an action on dowry, so Nerva and Cato hold; and this opinion is also stated by Sextus Pomponius in the Fifth Book of the Digest of Aristo. Pomponius, in the same place, agrees with Aristo. I, however, will say that if the father should emancipate his daughter, he also can be sued by her. 1Lucius Titius promised Gaius Seius a hundred aurei by way of dowry for his daughter, and it was agreed between Gaius Seius and Lucius Titius, the father of the woman, that the dowry could not be demanded of the husband during the lifetime of Lucius Titius, that is, the father of the woman. The marriage was afterwards dissolved by a divorce through the fault of the husband, and the father of the woman, having died, appointed other heirs, after disinheriting his daughter. I ask whether the husband could collect the dowry from the heirs of his father-in-law since he was obliged to return it to the woman? I answered that since the daughter was entitled to an action to recover her dowry, as other heirs had been appointed by her father, her husband would be required either to surrender the actual dowry to her, or assign her his rights of action, and that the heirs of the father-in-law would not have a right to plead an exception against him; since it would be absurd for a party to be considered guilty of bad faith when he demands a sum of money to be refunded, not to him whom he sued, but to another. On the other hand, if the divorce had taken place after the death of the father, and before the dowry had been demanded, the husband would be excluded from bringing an action for the dowry, which should not be admitted. But even if the daughter had been appointed heir to a part of her father’s estate, the husband should bring suit against her co-heirs for their individual proportions of the dowry, and either return to the woman what he collects, or assign to her his rights of action.

Dig. 38,2,44Paulus libro quinto quaestionum. Si patronum ex debita portione heredem instituas et pure roges fundum dare eique sub condicione tantundem leges, in condicionem fideicommissum redigitur. erit tamen et hic quod moveat: onerabitur enim patronus satisdatione fideicommissi. sed dicendum est ab eo fideicommissario cavendum, a quo patrono legatum est, ut undique patronus suum ius habeat imminutum. 1Patronus heres institutus legato ei servo, per quem suppleretur debita ei portio, non petet contra tabulas bonorum possessionem, quamvis servus clusis tabulis decessit. 2Si ex bonis, quae mortis tempore fuerunt, debitam partem dedit libertus in hereditate vel legato, servus tamen post mortem liberti reversus ab hostibus augeat patrimonium: non potest patronus propterea queri, quod minus habeat in servo, quam haberet, si ex debita portione esset institutus. idem est et in alluvione, cum sit satisfactum ex his bonis, quae mortis tempore fuerunt. idem est et si pars legati liberto relicti ab eo, cui simul datum erat, vel hereditatis nunc illis abstinentibus adcrescat.

Paulus, Questions, Book V. If you appoint a patron heir to the share to which he is entitled by law, and charge him to transfer absolutely a tract of land to someone, and bequeath him a legacy of the same value as said land, under a condition, the trust becomes conditional. There is something here, however, which may cause annoyance, for the patron will be burdened with the execution of the trust. It must be said in this instance that security should be given by the trustee who is charged with the legacy to the patron, so that the latter may not, under any circumstances, suffer a diminution of his rights. 1A patron having been appointed an heir, and a slave having been bequeathed to him in order to make up the share to which he was entitled by law, cannot demand prætorian possession contrary to the terms of the will, even though the slave should die before the will is opened. 2Ad Dig. 38,2,44,2Windscheid: Lehrbuch des Pandektenrechts, 7. Aufl. 1891, Bd. III, § 644, Note 8.If a freedman, either by appointing him his heir, or by a legacy, leaves his patron the share of his estate to which he is legally entitled at the time of his death, and, after the decease of the freedman, another slave having returned from captivity increases the value of the estate; the patron cannot, on this account, complain that he had a smaller interest in the slave than he would have had if he had been appointed heir to the share in him to which he was entitled by law. The same rule applies with reference to alluvium, provided the patron is satisfied out of the estate which the freedman left at the time of his death. This is also the case when a portion of a legacy or of an estate is left to a freedman at the same time with others, and the latter refuse to accept, and their share accrues to the estate of the freedman.

Dig. 40,8,9Paulus libro quinto quaestionum. Latinus Largus: vendidit ancillam ita, ut manumitteretur, non addito tempore: quaero, quando ex constitutione incipit ei libertas competere cessante emptore in manumittendo. respondi: inspiciendum est, quid actum sit, utrum, cum primum potuisset, ut manumitteret, an ut in potestate esset emptoris, quando vellet manumittere. priore casu facile tempus deprehendi poterit: posteriore utique moriente emptore competit libertas. si non appareat, quid convenerit, favor priorem inducet opinionem, id est ut intra duos menses, si ambo praesto sunt tam servus quam emptor eius: servo enim absente nisi emptor intra quattuor menses imposuerit libertatem, ex constitutionibus ad libertatem eripitur.

Paulus, Questions, Book V. Latinus Largus sold a female slave under the condition that she should be manumitted, but did not mention any time when this must be done. I ask when she would be entitled to freedom, by virtue of the constitution, if the purchaser failed to manumit her? I answered that the understanding of the parties ought to be considered, whether the purchaser must manumit her as soon as he could, or whether it was in his power to liberate her whenever he chose to do so. In the first instance, the time can easily be determined; in the last, she will be entitled to her freedom at the death of the purchaser. If what was agreed upon is not apparent, the favor conceded to liberty will cause the first opinion to be accepted; that is to say, the slave will be entitled to her freedom within two months, if both the slave and her purchaser are present; but if the slave should be absent, unless the purchaser gives her her freedom within four months, she will obtain it by virtue of the Imperial Constitutions.