Corpus iurisprudentiae Romanae

Repertorium zu den Quellen des römischen Rechts

Digesta Iustiniani Augusti

Recognovit Mommsen (1870) et retractavit Krüger (1968)
Convertit in Anglica lingua Scott (1932)
Mod.excus. IV
Mod. Excusationum lib.Modestini Excusationum libri

Excusationum libri

Ex libro IV

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Dig. 1,1De iustitia et iure (Concerning Justice and Law.)Dig. 1,2De origine iuris et omnium magistratuum et successione prudentium (Concerning the Origin of Law and of All Magistrates, Together With a Succession of Jurists.)Dig. 1,3De legibus senatusque consultis et longa consuetudine (Concerning Statutes, Decrees of the Senate, and Long Established Customs.)Dig. 1,4De constitutionibus principum (Concerning the Constitutions of the Emperors.)Dig. 1,5De statu hominum (Concerning the Condition of Men.)Dig. 1,6De his qui sui vel alieni iuris sunt (Concerning Those Who Are Their Own Masters, and Those That Are Under the Control of Others.)Dig. 1,7De adoptionibus et emancipationibus et aliis modis quibus potestas solvitur (Concerning Adoptions and Emancipations, and Other Methods by Which Paternal Authority is Dissolved.)Dig. 1,8De divisione rerum et qualitate (Concerning the Division and Nature of Things.)Dig. 1,9De senatoribus (Concerning Senators.)Dig. 1,10De officio consulis (Concerning the Office of Consul.)Dig. 1,11De officio praefecti praetorio (Concerning the Office of Prætorian Prefect.)Dig. 1,12De officio praefecti urbi (Concerning the Office of Prefect of the City.)Dig. 1,13De officio quaestoris (Concerning the Office of Quæstor.)Dig. 1,14De officio praetorum (Concerning the Office of the Prætors.)Dig. 1,15De officio praefecti vigilum (Concerning the Office of Prefect of the Night Watch.)Dig. 1,16De officio proconsulis et legati (Concerning the Office of Proconsul, and his Deputy.)Dig. 1,17De officio praefecti Augustalis (Concerning the Office of Augustal Prefect.)Dig. 1,18De officio praesidis (Concerning the Office of Governor.)Dig. 1,19De officio procuratoris Caesaris vel rationalis (Concerning the Office of the Imperial Steward or Accountant.)Dig. 1,20De officio iuridici (Concerning the Office of Juridicus.)Dig. 1,21De officio eius, cui mandata est iurisdictio (Concerning the Office of Him to Whom Jurisdiction is Delegated.)Dig. 1,22De officio adsessorum (Concerning the Office of Assessors.)
Dig. 2,1De iurisdictione (Concerning Jurisdiction.)Dig. 2,2Quod quisque iuris in alterum statuerit, ut ipse eodem iure utatur (Each One Must Himself Use the Law Which He Has Established for Others.)Dig. 2,3Si quis ius dicenti non obtemperaverit (Where Anyone Refuses Obedience to a Magistrate Rendering Judgment.)Dig. 2,4De in ius vocando (Concerning Citations Before a Court of Justice.)Dig. 2,5Si quis in ius vocatus non ierit sive quis eum vocaverit, quem ex edicto non debuerit (Where Anyone Who is Summoned Does Not Appear, and Where Anyone Summoned a Person Whom, According to the Edict, He Should Not Have Summoned.)Dig. 2,6In ius vocati ut eant aut satis vel cautum dent (Persons Who Are Summoned Must Either Appear, or Give Bond or Security to Do So.)Dig. 2,7Ne quis eum qui in ius vocabitur vi eximat (No One Can Forcibly Remove a Person Who Has Been Summoned to Court.)Dig. 2,8Qui satisdare cogantur vel iurato promittant vel suae promissioni committantur (What Persons Are Compelled to Give a Surety, and Who Can Make a Promise Under Oath, or Be Bound by a Mere Promise.)Dig. 2,9Si ex noxali causa agatur, quemadmodum caveatur (In What Way Security Must Be Given in a Noxal Action.)Dig. 2,10De eo per quem factum erit quominus quis in iudicio sistat (Concerning One Who Prevents a Person From Appearing in Court.)Dig. 2,11Si quis cautionibus in iudicio sistendi causa factis non obtemperaverit (Where a Party Who Has Given a Bond to Appear in Court Does Not Do So.)Dig. 2,12De feriis et dilationibus et diversis temporibus (Concerning Festivals, Delays, and Different Seasons.)Dig. 2,13De edendo (Concerning the Statement of a Case.)Dig. 2,14De pactis (Concerning Agreements.)Dig. 2,15De transactionibus (Concerning Compromises.)
Dig. 27,1 (12,4 %)De excusationibus (Concerning the Excuses of Guardians and Curators.)Dig. 27,2Ubi pupillus educari vel morari debeat et de alimentis ei praestandis (Where a Ward Should Be Brought Up, or Reside, and Concerning the Support Which Should Be Furnished Him.)Dig. 27,3De tutelae et rationibus distrahendis et utili curationis causa actione (Concerning the Action to Compel an Accounting for Guardianship, and the Equitable Action Based on Curatorship.)Dig. 27,4De contraria tutelae et utili actione (Concerning the Counter-action on Guardianship and the Prætorian Action.)Dig. 27,5De eo qui pro tutore prove curatore negotia gessit (Concerning One Who Transacts Business as Acting Guardian or Curator.)Dig. 27,6Quod falso tutore auctore gestum esse dicatur (Concerning Business Transacted Under the Authority of a False Guardian.)Dig. 27,7De fideiussoribus et nominatoribus et heredibus tutorum et curatorum (Concerning the Sureties of Guardians and Curators and Those Who Have Offered Them, and the Heirs of the Former.)Dig. 27,8De magistratibus conveniendis (Concerning Suits Against Magistrates.)Dig. 27,9De rebus eorum, qui sub tutela vel cura sunt, sine decreto non alienandis vel supponendis (Concerning the Property of Those Who Are Under Guardianship or Curatorship, and With Reference To The Alienation or Encumbrance of Their Property Without a Decree.)Dig. 27,10De curatoribus furioso et aliis extra minores dandis (Concerning the Appointment of Curators for Insane Persons and Others Who Are Not Minors.)
Dig. 37,1De bonorum possessionibus (Concerning the Prætorian Possession of Property.)Dig. 37,2Si tabulae testamenti extabunt (Concerning Prætorian Possession Where There is a Will.)Dig. 37,3De bonorum possessione furioso infanti muto surdo caeco competente (Concerning the Prætorian Possession of Property Granted to an Insane Person, an Infant, or One Who is Dumb, Deaf, or Blind.)Dig. 37,4De bonorum possessione contra tabulas (Concerning the Prætorian Possession of Property Contrary to the Provisions of the Will.)Dig. 37,5De legatis praestandis contra tabulas bonorum possessione petita (Concerning the Payment of Legacies Where Prætorian Possession of an Estate is Obtained Contrary to the Provisions of the Will.)Dig. 37,6De collatione bonorum (Concerning the Collation of Property.)Dig. 37,7De dotis collatione (Concerning Collation of the Dowry.)Dig. 37,8De coniungendis cum emancipato liberis eius (Concerning the Contribution to be Made Between an Emancipated Son and His Children.)Dig. 37,9De ventre in possessionem mittendo et curatore eius (Concerning the Placing of an Unborn Child in Possession of an Estate, and his Curator.)Dig. 37,10De Carboniano edicto (Concerning the Carbonian Edict.)Dig. 37,11De bonorum possessione secundum tabulas (Concerning Prætorian Possession of an Estate in Accordance with the Provisions of the Will.)Dig. 37,12Si a parente quis manumissus sit (Concerning Prætorian Possession Where a Son Has Been Manumitted by His Father.)Dig. 37,13De bonorum possessione ex testamento militis (Concerning Prætorian Possession of an Estate in the Case of the Will of a Soldier.)Dig. 37,14De iure patronatus (Concerning the Right of Patronage.)Dig. 37,15De obsequiis parentibus et patronis praestandis (Concerning the Respect Which Should be Shown to Parents and Patrons.)
Dig. 38,1De operis libertorum (Concerning the Services of Freedmen.)Dig. 38,2De bonis libertorum (Concerning the Property of Freedmen.)Dig. 38,3De libertis universitatium (Concerning the Freedmen of Municipalities.)Dig. 38,4De adsignandis libertis (Concerning the Assignment of Freedmen.)Dig. 38,5Si quid in fraudem patroni factum sit (Where Anything is Done to Defraud the Patron.)Dig. 38,6Si tabulae testamenti nullae extabunt, unde liberi (Where no Will is in Existence by Which Children May be Benefited.)Dig. 38,7Unde legitimi (Concerning Prætorian Possession by Agnates.)Dig. 38,8Unde cognati (Concerning the Prætorian Possession Granted to Cognates.)Dig. 38,9De successorio edicto (Concerning the Successory Edict.)Dig. 38,10De gradibus et adfinibus et nominibus eorum (Concerning the Degrees of Relationship and Affinity and Their Different Names.)Dig. 38,11Unde vir et uxor (Concerning Prætorian Possession With Reference to Husband and Wife.)Dig. 38,12De veteranorum et militum successione (Concerning the Succession of Veterans and Soldiers.)Dig. 38,13Quibus non competit bonorum possessio (Concerning Those Who are Not Entitled to Prætorian Possession of an Estate.)Dig. 38,14Ut ex legibus senatusve consultis bonorum possessio detur (Concerning Prætorian Possession of Property Granted by Special Laws or Decrees of the Senate.)Dig. 38,15Quis ordo in possessionibus servetur (What Order is to be Observed in Granting Prætorian Possession.)Dig. 38,16De suis et legitimis heredibus (Concerning Proper Heirs and Heirs at Law.)Dig. 38,17Ad senatus consultum Tertullianum et Orphitianum (On the Tertullian and Orphitian Decrees of the Senate.)
Dig. 40,1De manumissionibus (Concerning Manumissions.)Dig. 40,2De manumissis vindicta (Concerning Manumissions Before a Magistrate.)Dig. 40,3De manumissionibus quae servis ad universitatem pertinentibus imponuntur (Concerning the Manumission of Slaves Belonging to a Community.)Dig. 40,4De manumissis testamento (Concerning Testamentary Manumissions.)Dig. 40,5De fideicommissariis libertatibus (Concerning Freedom Granted Under the Terms of a Trust.)Dig. 40,6De ademptione libertatis (Concerning the Deprivation of Freedom.)Dig. 40,7De statuliberis (Concerning Slaves Who are to be Free Under a Certain Condition.)Dig. 40,8Qui sine manumissione ad libertatem perveniunt (Concerning Slaves Who Obtain Their Freedom Without Manumission.)Dig. 40,9Qui et a quibus manumissi liberi non fiunt et ad legem Aeliam Sentiam (What Slaves, Having Been Manumitted, do not Become Free, by Whom This is Done; and on the Law of Ælia Sentia.)Dig. 40,10De iure aureorum anulorum (Concerning the Right to Wear a Gold Ring.)Dig. 40,11De natalibus restituendis (Concerning the Restitution of the Rights of Birth.)Dig. 40,12De liberali causa (Concerning Actions Relating to Freedom.)Dig. 40,13Quibus ad libertatem proclamare non licet (Concerning Those Who are Not Permitted to Demand Their Freedom.)Dig. 40,14Si ingenuus esse dicetur (Where Anyone is Decided to be Freeborn.)Dig. 40,15Ne de statu defunctorum post quinquennium quaeratur (No Question as to the Condition of Deceased Persons Shall be Raised After Five Years Have Elapsed After Their Death.)Dig. 40,16De collusione detegenda (Concerning the Detection of Collusion.)
Dig. 43,1De interdictis sive extraordinariis actionibus, quae pro his competunt (Concerning Interdicts or the Extraordinary Proceedings to Which They Give Rise.)Dig. 43,2Quorum bonorum (Concerning the Interdict Quorum Bonorum.)Dig. 43,3Quod legatorum (Concerning the Interdict Quod Legatorum.)Dig. 43,4Ne vis fiat ei, qui in possessionem missus erit (Concerning the Interdict Which Prohibits Violence Being Employed Against a Person Placed in Possession.)Dig. 43,5De tabulis exhibendis (Concerning the Production of Papers Relating to a Will.)Dig. 43,6Ne quid in loco sacro fiat (Concerning the Interdict for the Purpose of Preventing Anything Being Done in a Sacred Place.)Dig. 43,7De locis et itineribus publicis (Concerning the Interdict Relating to Public Places and Highways.)Dig. 43,8Ne quid in loco publico vel itinere fiat (Concerning the Interdict Forbidding Anything to be Done in a Public Place or on a Highway.)Dig. 43,9De loco publico fruendo (Concerning the Edict Relating to the Enjoyment of a Public Place.)Dig. 43,10De via publica et si quid in ea factum esse dicatur (Concerning the Edict Which Has Reference to Public Streets and Anything Done Therein.)Dig. 43,11De via publica et itinere publico reficiendo (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to Repairs of Public Streets and Highways.)Dig. 43,12De fluminibus. ne quid in flumine publico ripave eius fiat, quo peius navigetur (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to Rivers and the Prevention of Anything Being Done in Them or on Their Banks Which May Interfere With Navigation.)Dig. 43,13Ne quid in flumine publico fiat, quo aliter aqua fluat, atque uti priore aestate fluxit (Concerning the Interdict to Prevent Anything From Being Built in a Public River or on Its Bank Which Might Cause the Water to Flow in a Different Direction Than it did During the Preceding Summer.)Dig. 43,14Ut in flumine publico navigare liceat (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to the Use of a Public River for Navigation.)Dig. 43,15De ripa munienda (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to Raising the Banks of Streams.)Dig. 43,16De vi et de vi armata (Concerning the Interdict Against Violence and Armed Force.)Dig. 43,17Uti possidetis (Concerning the Interdict Uti Possidetis.)Dig. 43,18De superficiebus (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to the Surface of the Land.)Dig. 43,19De itinere actuque privato (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to Private Rights of Way.)Dig. 43,20De aqua cottidiana et aestiva (Concerning the Edict Which Has Reference to Water Used Every Day and to Such as is Only Used During the Summer.)Dig. 43,21De rivis (Concerning the Interdict Having Reference to Conduits.)Dig. 43,22De fonte (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to Springs.)Dig. 43,23De cloacis (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to Sewers.)Dig. 43,24Quod vi aut clam (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to Works Undertaken by Violence or Clandestinely.)Dig. 43,25De remissionibus (Concerning the Withdrawal of Opposition.)Dig. 43,26De precario (Concerning Precarious Tenures.)Dig. 43,27De arboribus caedendis (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to the Cutting of Trees.)Dig. 43,28De glande legenda (Concerning the Interdict Having Reference to the Gathering of Fruit Which Has Fallen From the Premises of One Person Upon Those of Another.)Dig. 43,29De homine libero exhibendo (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to the Production of a Person Who Is Free.)Dig. 43,30De liberis exhibendis, item ducendis (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to the Production of Children and Their Recovery.)Dig. 43,31Utrubi (Concerning the Interdict Utrubi.)Dig. 43,32De migrando (Concerning the Interdict Having Reference to the Removal of Tenants.)Dig. 43,33De Salviano interdicto (Concerning the Salvian Interdict.)
Dig. 47,1De privatis delictis (Concerning Private Offences.)Dig. 47,2De furtis (Concerning Thefts.)Dig. 47,3De tigno iuncto (Concerning the Theft of Timbers Joined to a Building.)Dig. 47,4Si is, qui testamento liber esse iussus erit, post mortem domini ante aditam hereditatem subripuisse aut corrupisse quid dicetur (Where Anyone Who is Ordered to be Free by the Terms of a Will, After the Death of His Master and Before the Estate is Entered Upon, is Said to Have Stolen or Spoiled Something.)Dig. 47,5Furti adversus nautas caupones stabularios (Concerning Theft Committed Against Captains of Vessels, Innkeepers, and Landlords.)Dig. 47,6Si familia furtum fecisse dicetur (Concerning Thefts Alleged to Have Been Made by an Entire Body of Slaves.)Dig. 47,7Arborum furtim caesarum (Concerning Trees Cut Down by Stealth.)Dig. 47,8Vi bonorum raptorum et de turba (Concerning the Robbery of Property by Violence, and Disorderly Assemblages.)Dig. 47,9De incendio ruina naufragio rate nave expugnata (Concerning Fire, Destruction, and Shipwreck, Where a Boat or a Ship is Taken by Force.)Dig. 47,10De iniuriis et famosis libellis (Concerning Injuries and Infamous Libels.)Dig. 47,11De extraordinariis criminibus (Concerning the Arbitrary Punishment of Crime.)Dig. 47,12De sepulchro violato (Concerning the Violation of Sepulchres.)Dig. 47,13De concussione (Concerning Extortion.)Dig. 47,14De abigeis (Concerning Those Who Steal Cattle.)Dig. 47,15De praevaricatione (Concerning Prevarication.)Dig. 47,16De receptatoribus (Concerning Those Who Harbor Criminals.)Dig. 47,17De furibus balneariis (Concerning Thieves Who Steal in Baths.)Dig. 47,18De effractoribus et expilatoribus (Concerning Those Who Break Out of Prison, and Plunderers.)Dig. 47,19Expilatae hereditatis (Concerning the Spoliation of Estates.)Dig. 47,20Stellionatus (Concerning Stellionatus.)Dig. 47,21De termino moto (Concerning the Removal of Boundaries.)Dig. 47,22De collegiis et corporibus (Concerning Associations and Corporations.)Dig. 47,23De popularibus actionibus (Concerning Popular Actions.)
Dig. 48,1De publicis iudiciis (On Criminal Prosecutions.)Dig. 48,2De accusationibus et inscriptionibus (Concerning Accusations and Inscriptions.)Dig. 48,3De custodia et exhibitione reorum (Concerning the Custody and Appearance of Defendants in Criminal Cases.)Dig. 48,4Ad legem Iuliam maiestatis (On the Julian Law Relating to the Crime of Lese Majesty.)Dig. 48,5Ad legem Iuliam de adulteriis coercendis (Concerning the Julian Law for the Punishment of Adultery.)Dig. 48,6Ad legem Iuliam de vi publica (Concerning the Julian Law on Public Violence.)Dig. 48,7Ad legem Iuliam de vi privata (Concerning the Julian Law Relating to Private Violence.)Dig. 48,8Ad legem Corneliam de siccariis et veneficis (Concerning the Cornelian Law Relating to Assassins and Poisoners.)Dig. 48,9De lege Pompeia de parricidiis (Concerning the Pompeian Law on Parricides.)Dig. 48,10De lege Cornelia de falsis et de senatus consulto Liboniano (Concerning the Cornelian Law on Deceit and the Libonian Decree of the Senate.)Dig. 48,11De lege Iulia repetundarum (Concerning the Julian Law on Extortion.)Dig. 48,12De lege Iulia de annona (Concerning the Julian Law on Provisions.)Dig. 48,13Ad legem Iuliam peculatus et de sacrilegis et de residuis (Concerning the Julian Law Relating to Peculation, Sacrilege, and Balances.)Dig. 48,14De lege Iulia ambitus (Concerning the Julian Law With Reference to the Unlawful Seeking of Office.)Dig. 48,15De lege Fabia de plagiariis (Concerning the Favian Law With Reference to Kidnappers.)Dig. 48,16Ad senatus consultum Turpillianum et de abolitionibus criminum (Concerning the Turpillian Decree of the Senate and the Dismissal of Charges.)Dig. 48,17De requirendis vel absentibus damnandis (Concerning the Conviction of Persons Who Are Sought For or Are Absent.)Dig. 48,18De quaestionibus (Concerning Torture.)Dig. 48,19De poenis (Concerning Punishments.)Dig. 48,20De bonis damnatorum (Concerning the Property of Persons Who Have Been Convicted.)Dig. 48,21De bonis eorum, qui ante sententiam vel mortem sibi consciverunt vel accusatorem corruperunt (Concerning the Property of Those Who Have Either Killed Themselves or Corrupted Their Accusers Before Judgment Has Been Rendered.)Dig. 48,22De interdictis et relegatis et deportatis (Concerning Persons Who Are Interdicted, Relegated, and Deported.)Dig. 48,23De sententiam passis et restitutis (Concerning Persons Upon Whom Sentence Has Been Passed and Who Have Been Restored to Their Rights.)Dig. 48,24De cadaveribus punitorum (Concerning the Corpses of Persons Who Are Punished.)
Dig. 49,1De appellationibus et relegationibus (On Appeals and Reports.)Dig. 49,2A quibus appellari non licet (From What Persons It Is Not Permitted to Appeal.)Dig. 49,3Quis a quo appelletur (To Whom and From Whom an Appeal Can be Taken.)Dig. 49,4Quando appellandum sit et intra quae tempora (When an Appeal Should be Taken, and Within What Time.)Dig. 49,5De appellationibus recipiendis vel non (Concerning the Acceptance or Rejection of Appeals.)Dig. 49,6De libellis dimissoriis, qui apostoli dicuntur (Concerning Notices of Appeal Called Dispatches.)Dig. 49,7Nihil innovari appellatione interposita (No Change Shall be Made After the Appeal Has Been Interposed.)Dig. 49,8Quae sententiae sine appellatione rescindantur (What Decisions Can be Rescinded Without an Appeal.)Dig. 49,9An per alium causae appellationum reddi possunt (Whether the Reasons for an Appeal Can be Presented by Another.)Dig. 49,10Si tutor vel curator magistratusve creatus appellaverit (Where a Guardian, a Curator, or a Magistrate Having Been Appointed, Appeals.)Dig. 49,11Eum qui appellaverit in provincia defendi (He Who Appeals Should Be Defended in His Own Province.)Dig. 49,12Apud eum, a quo appellatur, aliam causam agere compellendum (Where a Party Litigant is Compelled to Bring Another Action Before the Judge From Whose Decision He Has Already Appealed.)Dig. 49,13Si pendente appellatione mors intervenerit (If Death Should Occur While an Appeal is Pending.)Dig. 49,14De iure fisci (Concerning the Rights of the Treasury.)Dig. 49,15De captivis et de postliminio et redemptis ab hostibus (Concerning Captives, the Right of Postliminium, and Persons Ransomed From the Enemy.)Dig. 49,16De re militari (Concerning Military Affairs.)Dig. 49,17De castrensi peculio (Concerning Castrense Peculium.)Dig. 49,18De veteranis (Concerning Veterans.)

Dig. 27,1,13Idem libro quarto excusationum. Εἰδέναι χρὴ ὅτι οὔτε οἱ χειροτονηθέντες ἐπίτροποι οὔτε οἱ κατὰ διαθήκην δοθέντες ἐκκαλεῖσθαι ἀνάγκην ἔχουσιν, ὡς δηλοῖ διάταξις τῶν θειοτάτων Σεβήρου καὶ Ἀντωνίνου. τοῦτο δὲ παραφυλάττειν δεῖ καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν χειροτονηθέντων κουρατόρων· ἐν ὀλίγοις γὰρ πάνυ διαλλάττουσιν οἱ κουράτορες ἀπὸ τῶν ἐπιτρόπων. κατὰ μέντοι τῶν ψήφων τῶν ἐκβαλλουσῶν αὐτοῖς τὰς ἐξκουσατίονας ἄδειαν ἕξουσιν ἐκκαλεῖσθαι. 1Πολλὰ δὲ παραφυλάττειν προσήκει, ἵνα ἐπιτραπῶσιν ἐπίτροποι ἢ κουράτορες τὰ δίκαια παρασχέσθαι τῆς ἀφέσεως. δεῖ γὰρ αὐτούς ἐμπροθέσμως προσελθεῖν τῷ δικαστῇ. εἰσὶν δὲ αἱ προθεσμίαι αὗται· ὁ μὲν γὰρ ἐν αὐτῇ τῇ πόλει ὤν, ὅπου κεχειροτόνηται, ἢ ἐντὸς ἑκατοστοῦ μιλίου τῆς πόλεως ἐντὸς πεντήκοντα ἡμερῶν παραιτήσεται, ἢ μετὰ τοῦτο οὐ συγχωρηθήσεται, ἀλλ’ ἕξεται τῆς φροντίδος. κἂν τούτων τι μὴ ποιήσῃ, ἔσται ἐν τῇ αὐτῇ αἰτίᾳ, ἐν ᾗ ἦν ἂν εἰ ἀπεφάνθη τῷ ἰδίῳ κινδύνῳ αὐτὸν ὀλιγωρεῖν πρὸς τὸ μηδὲ καταλείπεσθαι αὐτῷ τινα ὁδὸν πρὸς παραίτησιν. ὁ δὲ ὑπὲρ ἑκατὸν μίλια τῆς πόλεως ἀποδημῶν εἴκοσι μίλια ἕξει ἀριθμούμενα αὐτῷ καθ’ ἑκάστην ἡμέραν, ἀφ’ ἧς ἂν γνῷ (δεῖ δὲ αὐτῷ μηνυθῆναι ὑπὸ τῶν ἀρχόντων ἢ κατὰ πρόσωπον ἢ ἐπὶ τῆς οἰκίασ) καὶ ἔξωθεν τούτων ἄλλας τριάκοντα ἡμέρας ἔχει πρὸς δικαιολογίαν. τοῦτο δὲ διαφέρει καὶ τοῖς κατὰ διαθήκας δοθεῖσιν, ἐάν τε ἐπίτροποι ὦσιν ἐάν τε κουράτορες, οὓς κουράτορας βεβαιοῦσθαι ἔθος ὑπὸ τοῦ ἡγουμένου. 2Ἕτερον δὲ ἐκεῖνο εὑρίσκομεν ἐκ τῆς Μάρκου νομοθεσίας ζητήσεως ἄξιον· τῷ γὰρ ἐν αὐτῇ τῇ πόλει ὄντι, ἐν ᾗ κεχειροτόνηται ἢ ἐντὸς ἑκατὸν μιλίων πεντήκοντα ἡμερῶν ἔδωκεν ὁ νομοθέτης προθεσμίαν. τῷ δὲ ὑπὲρ ἑκατὸν μίλια διατρίβοντι καθ’ ἑκάστην ἡμέραν δεῖν ἀριθμεῖσθαι εἴκοσι μίλια ἐκέλευσεν καὶ ἔξωθεν τούτων ἄλλας τρίακοντα ἡμέρας προσέθηκεν εἰς δικαιολογίαν. ὅθεν συμβαίνει, ἐὰν ᾖ τις ἀπὸ ἑκατὸν ἑξήκοντα μιλίων τὰς διατριβὰς ποιούμενος, τούτῳ εἶναι προθεσμίαν ὄκτω καὶ τριάκοντα ἡμερῶν, ὄκτω μὲν τῶν ἑκατὸν ἑξήκοντα μιλίων, ὡς καθ’ ἑκάστην ἡμέραν εἴκοσι μιλίων ἀριθμουμένων, τριάκοντα δὲ τὰς πρὸς τὴν δικαιολογίαν. ἔσται οὖν ἐν χείρονι τάξει ὁ πόῤῥωθεν διατρίβων τοῦ ἐντὸς ἑκατὸν μιλίων ὄντος ἢ ἐν αὐτῇ τῇ πόλει, εἴγε τούτοις μὲν ἀεὶ πεντήκοντα ἡμέραι προθεσμίας εἰσὶν, ἐκείνοις δὲ ἐλάττους. ἀλλ’ εἰ καὶ τὰ μάλιστα τὸ ῥητὸν τοῦ νόμου ταύτην ἀποτελεῖ τὴν διάνοιαν, ὅμως ἡ γνώμη τοῦ νομοθέτου ἄλλοβούλεται. οὕτως γὰρ καὶ Κερβίδιος Σκαίβολας καὶ Παῦλος καὶ Δομίτιος Οὐλπιανὸς οἱ κορυφαῖοι τῶν νομικῶν γράφουσιν, φάσκοντες οὕτως δεῖν ταῦτα παραφυλάττειν, ὡς μηδέποτέ τινι ἐλάττω δίδοσθαι τῶν πεντήκοντα ἡμερῶν προθεσμίαν, τότε δὲ μακροτέραν, ὁπόταν ἡ διαρίθμησις τῶν ἐπὶ τῇ ὁδῷ ἡμερῶν προστιθεμένη ταῖς τριάκοντα ἡμέραις, ἃς πρὸς δικαιολογίαν ὁ νόμος δίδωσιν, ὑπερβαίνει τὰς πεντήκοντα ἡμέρας, οἷον ἐάν τινα φῶμεν ἀπὸ τετρακοσίων τεσσαράκοντα μιλίων διατρίβειν· οὗτος γὰρ τῆς μὲν ὁδοῦ ἕξει ἡμέρας εἴκοσι δύο, πρὸς δικαιολογίαν δὲ ἄλλας τριάκοντα. 3Παραφυλάξουσιν δὲ ταύτην τὴν προθεσμίαν πάντες οἱ ὁπωσοῦν παραιτούμενοι ἐπιτροπὴν ἢ κουρατορίαν ἢ μέρος γε ταύτης. 4Ἀκόλουθον δέ ἐστιν πιστεύειν, ὅτι εἰ καί τινι εἴδει παραιτήσεως ᾖ τις χρώμενος, οὐκ ἄλλως ἀκουσθήσεται, ἐάν μὴ φυλάξῃ τὴν προθεσμίαν, εἰ μὴ ἄρα τῆς ἑτέρας πόλεωσ πολίτης ἐστίν. 5Οὕτως δὲ ἐπαναγκές ἐστιν φυλάττειν τὴν προθεσμίαν, ὅτι κἂν δικαιολογησάμενος ἀφεθῇ, μὴ ἐλευθεροῦσθαι αὐτὸν οἱ θειότατοι Σεβῆρος καὶ Ἀντωνῖνος δηλοῦσιν ἐν διατάξει κελεύσαντες μὴ κρατεῖσθαι τὸν εἰς τόπον αὐτοῦ χειροτονηθέντα, ὡς οὐκ ἐξὸν δεδόμενον εἰς τόπον ὄντος ἐπιτρόπου. 6Ἀπόχρη δὲ ἐντὸς τῆς προθεσμίας ἐντυχεῖν μόνον· ἐὰν γὰρ μετὰ ταῦτα μὴ ἑκὼν ἀπολειφθῇ, οὐκ ἔσται παραγράψιμος. διόπερ ἐὰν ἀφοσιώσεως χάριν μόνον ἐντύχῃ, μὴ ἐπιμείνῃ δὲ μετὰ ταῦτα τῇ δικαιολογίᾳ, μετὰ τὴν προθεσμίαν ὑποπεσεῖται τῇ παραγραφῇ. καὶ λέγει τοῦτο διάταξις τῶν αὐτοκρατόρων Σεβήρου καὶ Ἀντωνίνου. 7Ἐὰν γάρ τις διὰ νόσον ἢ δι’ ἄλλην ἀνάγκην, οἷον θαλάσσης ἢ χειμῶνος ἢ ἐφόδου λῃστῶν ἤ τινα ἑτέραν παραπλησίαν, ἐμπροθέσμως μὴ δύνηται ἐντυχεῖν, συνγνώμης τυγχάνειν. οὗ τὴν πίστιν ἤρκει συστῆσαι καὶ ἐξ αὐτοῦ τοῦ φύσει δικαίου, πλὴν ἀλλὰ καὶ διάταξίς ἐστιν τῶν αὐτοκρατόρων Σεβήρου καὶ Ἀντωνίνου ταῦτα λέγουσα. 8Εἰδέναι δὲ δεῖ, ὅτι οὐκ ἀπόχρη τὸ προσελθεῖν τῷ δικάζοντι, ἀλλὰ δεῖ αὐτὸν καὶ περὶ τοῦ εἴδους τῆσ ἀφέσεως μαρτύρασθαι, καὶ εἰ πολλὰ ἔχει πρὸς ἄφεσιν δίκαια, πάντα ὀνομάσαι· εἰ δὲ μή, ὅμοιός ἐστιν τῷ μηδὲ τὴν ἀρχὴν προσεληλυθότι ὁ προσελθὼν μέν, δίκαιον δὲ ἀφέσεως μὴ ὀνομάσας. 9Αἱ δὲ πεντήκοντα ἡμέραι συνημμέναι ψηφίζονται ἀρχόμεναι ἀπὸ τοῦ καιροῦ τῆς γνώσεως, ἐν ᾧ τις ἔγνω ἑαυτὸν δεδόσθαι. 10Χρὴ δὲ μιᾷ μαρτύρασθαι πρό βήματος ἢ ἄλλως ἐπὶ ὑπομνημάτων· δύναται δὲ καὶ βιβλίδια ἐπιδοῦναι χαμᾶθεν, ὡς οἱ αὐτοί φασιν αὐτοκράτορες. 11Ταῦτα περὶ τῶν φυλάσσειν τὴν προθεσμίαν ὀφειλόντων· περὶ δὲ τῶν μὴ ὑποκειμένων ταῖς προθεσμίαις φέρε σκεψώμεθα. 12Οἱ γὰρ παρανόμως δοθέντες ἐπίτροποι, τοῦτ’ ἔστιν ἢ ὑφ’ ὧν μὴ ἐχρῆν, ἢ οὗτοι οὓσ μὴ ἐχρῆν, ἢ οἷς μὴ ἐχρῆν, ἢ ὃν μὴ ἐχρῆν τρόπον, ἐάν μήτε βεβαιωθῶσιν μήτε ἐφάψωνται τοῦ χειρισμοῦ, εἰσὶν ἀνεύθυνοι, οὐδὲ προοίσει τις αὐτοῖς ὅτι τὰς προθεσμίας οὐκ ἐτήρησαν τῶν παραιτήσεων· οὐδὲ γὰρ ἔχουσιν παραιτήσεως ἀνάγκην, ὡς δείκνυται ἐκ τῶν ὑποτεταγμένων διατάξεων, ἃς παραδείγματος χάριν ὑπέταξα, ἐφαρμόζοιντο δὲ ἂν πᾶσιν. ‘Divi Severus et Antoninus Augusti Narcisso. Ab avo materno tutor datus necesse non habuisti excusari, cum ipso iure non teneris: si igitur administrationi te non miscuisti, potes esse securus’. ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ ἐὰν τὸν μὴ ὑποκείμενον τῇ δικαιοδοσίᾳ χειροτονήσωσιν οἱ ἄρχοντες ἐπίτροπον ἢ κουράτορα, οὐδὲ οὗτος ἀνάγκην ἔχει παραφυλάσσειν τὰς προθεσμίας, οἷον τὸν μήτε πολίτην μήτε ἰνκόλαν.

The Same, Excuses, Book IV. It must be noted that neither guardians appointed by proper authority nor testamentary guardians are required to appeal, as is stated by the Constitution of the Divine Severus and Antoninus. This rule should also be observed with reference to the appointment of a curator, for curators in very few respects differ from guardians. They, however, have permission to appeal from decisions brought against them when they offer excuses. 1It is necessary, however, for many formalities to be observed in order that guardians and curators may show good cause for their discharge. They are required, in the first place, to make application to the court within the time prescribed by law, which is as follows. He who is in the same town where he has been appointed, or within the hundredth milestone from said town, shall file his excuse within fifty days, for after this he shall not be permitted to do so, but will be obliged to discharge his duties; and if he does not observe any of these requirements, he will be in the same position as if he had been guilty of negligence, and there will be no way left for him to offer his excuse. Where, however, he is distant more than a hundred miles from the town, he will be entitled to twenty miles for every day from the one on which he received notice of his appointment (and this notice must be served upon him by the Governor either personally, or at his residence) and, in addition to the above twenty days, he shall be entitled to thirty more for the purpose of offering his excuse. This rule likewise applies to all designated by will, whether they are guardians or curators, whose appointments it is customary to have confirmed by a magistrate. 2We also find another provision in the Decree of the Divine Marcus, which is worthy of examination. For, indeed, the legislator grants to the guardian who is in the town in which he was appointed, or who is within the distance of a hundred miles from the same, the term of fifty days, but to him who resides beyond the distance of a hundred miles, he grants one day for every twenty miles, and, in addition to these, he allows thirty days for the presentation of his excuses. It results from this that, if the residence of the person is distant one hundred and sixty miles, he would be entitled to a term of thirty-eight days, that is to say, eight days for the hundred and sixty miles, or one day for every twenty miles, and thirty days in addition, in which to make application to be excused. Therefore, he whose residence is farther away is in a worse condition that he who resides within a hundred miles, or in the town itself; for, indeed, the term of fifty days is always granted to the latter, but a shorter time is allowed the former. But although the terms of the law, if strictly interpreted, should be understood in this way, still, the intention of the legislator was entirely different; for Cerbidius Scævola, Julius Paulus, and Domitius Ulpianus, authorities most eminent and learned in the law, held that this is the case, stating that the rule must be observed that no one shall be entitled to a term of less than fifty days, when the time computed for the journey added to the thirty days which the law allows for the offering of excuses, exceeds fifty days; for instance, if we should say than anyone resides four hundred and forty miles from the town, he will be entitled to twenty-two days to make the journey, and thirty more to present his application to be excused. 3All must observe this rule with reference to time who, for any reason whatsoever, desire, either wholly or in part, to be released from the duties of guardianship or curatorship. 4It has been decided as the result of this that, where anyone desires to avail himself of any kind of an excuse, he shall not be heard, if he does not make his application within the prescribed time; unless, indeed, he should be a citizen of some other state. 5It is so necessary for the prescribed time to be observed, that if this is not done, and the party having presented his excuse should be discharged, he will not be released; as the Divine Severus and Antoninus state in one of their Constitutions which directs that he who has been appointed in the place of a guardian shall not be retained in office, on the ground that it is not lawful for a second guardian to be appointed where there already is one. 6It will be sufficient for the guardian to apply to be excused within the prescribed time; for if afterwards, he, having changed his mind, should desist, it will not prejudice him. Therefore, if anyone merely presents himself, and does not afterwards remain for the purpose of offering his excuses, after the prescribed time has elapsed he will be barred by an exception. This is stated in a Constitution of the Emperors Severus and Antoninus. 7Where anyone, by reason of illness or any other necessity (for instance, on account of the dangers of the sea, or the severity of the winter, or the attacks of robbers, or any other similar impediment), is not able to appear within the prescribed time, indulgence should be granted him, since his good faith is sufficiently established by natural justice; as the Constitution of the Emperors Severus and Antoninus sets forth. 8Again, it should be remembered that it is not sufficient for the guardian to merely appear in court, but he is required to give evidence with reference to the reason for which he asks his discharge, and if he has several reasons to advance which may facilitate it, he must enumerate them all; and if he does not do so, he will resemble a party who has never appeared, or if he did appear, did not show good cause for his discharge. 9The fifty days aforesaid are reckoned continuously, beginning from the time of notice served upon the party who was appointed. 10It is necessary for the reasons for discharge to be presented orally in court, or by a petition. The party can also reduce his reasons to writing, as the same Emperors declare. 11These are the rules having reference to the time prescribed by law which must be obeyed. Now let us consider those who are not required to comply with these rules. 12Guardians who have not been legally appointed (that is to say, who have been appointed by parties who have no right to do so; or where they were not eligible; or where the wards were responsible for the illegality; or in case the proper legal formalities were not observed), and were not confirmed, and did not administer the trust, will be discharged, and no one can raise the objection that they did not, in their application to be excused, observe the time prescribed by law; for they are not required to make such application, as is proved by the constitutions hereinafter mentioned, which I have submitted by way of example, and which, indeed, are applicable to all cases. “The Divine Severus and Antoninus, Emperors, to Narcissus: Having been appointed guardian by the maternal grandfather of the ward, you are not required to make application to be excused, for you are not legally liable, and therefore if you do not interfere in the administration of the estate you will be secure.” Again, in like manner, where magistrates appoint a guardian or a curator who is not subject to their jurisdiction, he will not be required to observe the time prescribed by law, inasmuch as he is neither a citizen, nor a resident of the town.