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Dig. 1,1De iustitia et iure (Concerning Justice and Law.)Dig. 1,2De origine iuris et omnium magistratuum et successione prudentium (Concerning the Origin of Law and of All Magistrates, Together With a Succession of Jurists.)Dig. 1,3De legibus senatusque consultis et longa consuetudine (Concerning Statutes, Decrees of the Senate, and Long Established Customs.)Dig. 1,4De constitutionibus principum (Concerning the Constitutions of the Emperors.)Dig. 1,5De statu hominum (Concerning the Condition of Men.)Dig. 1,6De his qui sui vel alieni iuris sunt (Concerning Those Who Are Their Own Masters, and Those That Are Under the Control of Others.)Dig. 1,7De adoptionibus et emancipationibus et aliis modis quibus potestas solvitur (Concerning Adoptions and Emancipations, and Other Methods by Which Paternal Authority is Dissolved.)Dig. 1,8De divisione rerum et qualitate (Concerning the Division and Nature of Things.)Dig. 1,9De senatoribus (Concerning Senators.)Dig. 1,10De officio consulis (Concerning the Office of Consul.)Dig. 1,11De officio praefecti praetorio (Concerning the Office of Prætorian Prefect.)Dig. 1,12De officio praefecti urbi (Concerning the Office of Prefect of the City.)Dig. 1,13De officio quaestoris (Concerning the Office of Quæstor.)Dig. 1,14De officio praetorum (Concerning the Office of the Prætors.)Dig. 1,15De officio praefecti vigilum (Concerning the Office of Prefect of the Night Watch.)Dig. 1,16De officio proconsulis et legati (Concerning the Office of Proconsul, and his Deputy.)Dig. 1,17De officio praefecti Augustalis (Concerning the Office of Augustal Prefect.)Dig. 1,18De officio praesidis (Concerning the Office of Governor.)Dig. 1,19De officio procuratoris Caesaris vel rationalis (Concerning the Office of the Imperial Steward or Accountant.)Dig. 1,20De officio iuridici (Concerning the Office of Juridicus.)Dig. 1,21De officio eius, cui mandata est iurisdictio (Concerning the Office of Him to Whom Jurisdiction is Delegated.)Dig. 1,22De officio adsessorum (Concerning the Office of Assessors.)
Dig. 2,1De iurisdictione (Concerning Jurisdiction.)Dig. 2,2Quod quisque iuris in alterum statuerit, ut ipse eodem iure utatur (Each One Must Himself Use the Law Which He Has Established for Others.)Dig. 2,3Si quis ius dicenti non obtemperaverit (Where Anyone Refuses Obedience to a Magistrate Rendering Judgment.)Dig. 2,4De in ius vocando (Concerning Citations Before a Court of Justice.)Dig. 2,5Si quis in ius vocatus non ierit sive quis eum vocaverit, quem ex edicto non debuerit (Where Anyone Who is Summoned Does Not Appear, and Where Anyone Summoned a Person Whom, According to the Edict, He Should Not Have Summoned.)Dig. 2,6In ius vocati ut eant aut satis vel cautum dent (Persons Who Are Summoned Must Either Appear, or Give Bond or Security to Do So.)Dig. 2,7Ne quis eum qui in ius vocabitur vi eximat (No One Can Forcibly Remove a Person Who Has Been Summoned to Court.)Dig. 2,8Qui satisdare cogantur vel iurato promittant vel suae promissioni committantur (What Persons Are Compelled to Give a Surety, and Who Can Make a Promise Under Oath, or Be Bound by a Mere Promise.)Dig. 2,9Si ex noxali causa agatur, quemadmodum caveatur (In What Way Security Must Be Given in a Noxal Action.)Dig. 2,10De eo per quem factum erit quominus quis in iudicio sistat (Concerning One Who Prevents a Person From Appearing in Court.)Dig. 2,11Si quis cautionibus in iudicio sistendi causa factis non obtemperaverit (Where a Party Who Has Given a Bond to Appear in Court Does Not Do So.)Dig. 2,12De feriis et dilationibus et diversis temporibus (Concerning Festivals, Delays, and Different Seasons.)Dig. 2,13De edendo (Concerning the Statement of a Case.)Dig. 2,14De pactis (Concerning Agreements.)Dig. 2,15De transactionibus (Concerning Compromises.)
Dig. 3,1De postulando (Concerning the Right of Application to the Court.)Dig. 3,2 (1,4 %)De his qui notantur infamia (Concerning Those Who Are Branded With Infamy.)Dig. 3,3De procuratoribus et defensoribus (Concerning Agents and Defenders.)Dig. 3,4Quod cuiuscumque universitatis nomine vel contra eam agatur (How Proceedings Are Instituted For, or Against Corporations.)Dig. 3,5De negotiis gestis (Concerning the Transaction of the Business of Others.)Dig. 3,6De calumniatoribus (Concerning Persons Who Bring Vexatious Actions.)
Dig. 4,1De in integrum restitutionibus (Concerning Complete Restitution.)Dig. 4,2Quod metus causa gestum erit (Where an Act is Performed on Account of Fear.)Dig. 4,3De dolo malo (Concerning Fraudulent Intent.)Dig. 4,4De minoribus viginti quinque annis (Concerning Persons Under Twenty-five Years of Age.)Dig. 4,5De capite minutis (Concerning the Change of Condition.)Dig. 4,6Ex quibus causis maiores viginti quinque annis in integrum restituuntur (What the Grounds Are on Which Persons Over Twenty-five Years of Age Are Entitled to Complete Restitution.)Dig. 4,7De alienatione iudicii mutandi causa facta (Concerning Alienations Made for the Purpose of Changing the Conditions of a Trial.)Dig. 4,8De receptis: qui arbitrium receperint ut sententiam dicant (Concerning Matters Referred to Others for Arbitration and Those Who Accept Them for the Purpose of Making an Award.)Dig. 4,9Nautae caupones stabularii ut recepta restituant (Sailors, Innkeepers, and the Proprietors of Stables, Must Restore Property Entrusted to Them.)
Dig. 5,1De iudiciis: ubi quisque agere vel conveniri debeat (Concerning Trials and Where Anyone Ought to Bring Suit, or Be Sued.)Dig. 5,2De inofficioso testamento (Concerning Inofficious Testaments.)Dig. 5,3De hereditatis petitione (Concerning the Action for the Recovery of an Estate.)Dig. 5,4Si pars hereditatis petatur (Concerning Actions for the Recovery of a Portion of an Estate.)Dig. 5,5De possessoria hereditatis petitione (Concerning Possessory Actions for the Recovery of Estates.)Dig. 5,6De fideicommissaria hereditatis petitione (Concerning Suits for the Recovery of Trust Estates.)
Dig. 6,1De rei vindicatione (Concerning Actions for the Recovery of Specific Property.)Dig. 6,2De Publiciana in rem actione (Concerning the Publician Action in Rem.)Dig. 6,3Si ager vectigalis, id est emphyteuticarius, petatur (Concerning Actions for the Recovery of Land Which Has Been Perpetually Leased, Namely, Emphyteutic Land.)
Dig. 7,1De usu fructu et quemadmodum quis utatur fruatur (Concerning Usufruct and Its Use and Enjoyment.)Dig. 7,2De usu fructu adcrescendo (Concerning the Accrual of Usufruct.)Dig. 7,3Quando dies usus fructus legati cedat (When the Legacy of an Usufruct Vests.)Dig. 7,4Quibus modis usus fructus vel usus amittitur (In What Ways Usufruct or Use is Lost.)Dig. 7,5De usu fructu earum rerum, quae usu consumuntur vel minuuntur (Concerning the Usufruct of Things Which Are Consumed or Diminished by Use.)Dig. 7,6Si usus fructus petetur vel ad alium pertinere negetur (Concerning the Action for the Recovery of Usufruct, and That by Which It is Denied.)Dig. 7,7De operis servorum (Concerning the Services of Slaves.)Dig. 7,8De usu et habitatione (Concerning Use and Habitation.)Dig. 7,9Usufructuarius quemadmodum caveat (In What Way an Usufructuary Must Give Security.)
Dig. 8,1De servitutibus (Concerning Servitudes.)Dig. 8,2De servitutibus praediorum urbanorum (Concerning Servitudes of Urban Estates.)Dig. 8,3De servitutibus praediorum rusticorum (Concerning the Servitudes of Rustic Estates.)Dig. 8,4Communia praediorum tam urbanorum quam rusticorum (Rules Common to Both Urban and Rustic Estates.)Dig. 8,5Si servitus vindicetur vel ad alium pertinere negetur (Where an Action is Brought to Recover a Servitude, or the Right of Another to It is Denied.)Dig. 8,6Quemadmodum servitutes amittuntur (How Servitudes Are Lost.)
Dig. 9,1Si quadrupes pauperiem fecisse dicatur (Concerning the Commission of Damage by a Quadruped.)Dig. 9,2Ad legem Aquiliam (On the Lex Aquilia.)Dig. 9,3De his, qui effuderint vel deiecerint (Concerning Those Who Pour Anything Out or Throw Anything Down.)Dig. 9,4De noxalibus actionibus (Concerning Noxal Actions.)
Dig. 10,1Finium regundorum (Concerning the Establishment of Boundaries.)Dig. 10,2Familiae erciscundae (Concerning the Action for the Partition of an Estate.)Dig. 10,3Communi dividundo (Concerning Actions for the Partition of Property Owned in Common.)Dig. 10,4Ad exhibendum (Concerning the Action for Production.)
Dig. 11,1De interrogationibus in iure faciendis et interrogatoriis actionibus (Concerning Interrogatories Which Should Be Put in Court, and Actions Based on Interrogatories.)Dig. 11,2De quibus rebus ad eundem iudicem eatur (Concerning Certain Matters Which Come Before the Same Judge.)Dig. 11,3De servo corrupto (Concerning the Corruption of a Slave.)Dig. 11,4De fugitivis (Concerning Fugitive Slaves.)Dig. 11,5De aleatoribus (Concerning Gamblers.)Dig. 11,6Si mensor falsum modum dixerit (Where a Surveyor Makes a False Report With Reference to Measurements.)Dig. 11,7De religiosis et sumptibus funerum et ut funus ducere liceat (Concerning Religious Places, the Expenses of Funerals, and the Right to Conduct the Same.)Dig. 11,8De mortuo inferendo et sepulchro aedificando (Concerning the Transport of a Dead Body, and the Construction of a Sepulchre.)
Dig. 12,1De rebus creditis si certum petetur et de condictione (Concerning Things Which Are Credited Where a Certain Demand is Made, and Concerning Suit for Recovery.)Dig. 12,2De iureiurando sive voluntario sive necessario sive iudiciali (Concerning the Taking of an Oath, Whether Voluntary, Compulsory, or Judicial.)Dig. 12,3De in litem iurando (Concerning an Oath Made in Court.)Dig. 12,4De condictione causa data causa non secuta (Concerning a Suit for the Recovery of Property Given for a Consideration Which Does Not Take Place.)Dig. 12,5De condictione ob turpem vel iniustam causam (Concerning the Action for Recovery Where The Consideration is Immoral or Unjust.)Dig. 12,6De condictione indebiti (Concerning an Action for the Recovery of Money Which is Not Due.)Dig. 12,7De condictione sine causa (Concerning an Action for Recovery Without Ground.)
Dig. 13,1De condictione furtiva (Concerning the Action for the Recovery of Stolen Property.)Dig. 13,2De condictione ex lege (Concerning Suits for Recovery Under the Law.)Dig. 13,3De condictione triticiaria (Concerning the Triticarian Action.)Dig. 13,4De eo quod certo loco dari oportet (Concerning Property Which Must Be Delivered at a Certain Place.)Dig. 13,5De pecunia constituta (Concerning the Action for Money Promised.)Dig. 13,6Commodati vel contra (Concerning the Action on Loan for Use and the Counter Action.)Dig. 13,7De pigneraticia actione vel contra (Concerning the Action on Pledge and the Counter Action.)
Dig. 14,1De exercitoria actione (Concerning the Action Against the Owner of a Ship.)Dig. 14,2De lege Rhodia de iactu (Concerning the Rhodian Law of Jettison.)Dig. 14,3De institoria actione (Concerning the Institorian Action.)Dig. 14,4De tributoria actione (Concerning the Tributorian Action.)Dig. 14,5Quod cum eo, qui in aliena potestate est, negotium gestum esse dicetur (Concerning Transactions Said to Have Taken Place With a Person Under the Control of Another.)Dig. 14,6De senatus consulto Macedoniano (Concerning the Macedonian Decree of the Senate.)
Dig. 15,1De peculio (Concerning the Action on the Peculium.)Dig. 15,2Quando de peculio actio annalis est (When the Action on the Peculium is Limited to a Year.)Dig. 15,3De in rem verso (Concerning the Action Based on the Advantage Derived by a Father or a Master With Reference to His Property.)Dig. 15,4Quod iussu (Concerning the Action Based on the Authorization of the Father or the Master.)
Dig. 16,1Ad senatus consultum Velleianum (On the Velleian Decree of the Senate.)Dig. 16,2De compensationibus (Concerning Set-Off.)Dig. 16,3Depositi vel contra (Concerning the Direct and Contrary Actions on Deposit.)
Dig. 17,1Mandati vel contra (Concerning the Action on Mandate and the Counter Action.)Dig. 17,2Pro socio (Concerning the Action on Partnership.)
Dig. 18,1De contrahenda emptione et de pactis inter emptorem et venditorem compositis et quae res venire non possunt (Concerning the Contract of Purchase and Agreements Between Purchaser and Vendor, and What Things Cannot Become the Objects of the Same.)Dig. 18,2De in diem addictione (Concerning a Conditional Sale During a Certain Time.)Dig. 18,3De lege commissoria (Concerning the Condicional Annulment of a Sale.)Dig. 18,4De hereditate vel actione vendita (Concerning the Sale of an Estate, or of a Claim.)Dig. 18,5De rescindenda venditione et quando licet ab emptione discedere (Concerning the Rescinding of a Sale, and When It Is Permitted to Withdraw From a Purchase.)Dig. 18,6De periculo et commodo rei venditae (Concerning the Risk and Advantages Attaching to Property Sold.)Dig. 18,7De servis exportandis: vel si ita mancipium venierit ut manumittatur vel contra (Concerning the Removal of Slaves, and Where a Slave is Sold Under the Condition of Being Manumitted, or the Contrary.)
Dig. 19,1De actionibus empti venditi (Concerning the Actions of Purchase and Sale.)Dig. 19,2Locati conducti (Concerning Leasing and Hiring.)Dig. 19,3De aestimatoria (Concerning the Action for the Estimation of the Value of Property.)Dig. 19,4De rerum permutatione (Concerning the Exchange of Property.)Dig. 19,5De praescriptis verbis et in factum actionibus (Concerning Actions Præscriptis Verbis, and in Factum.)
Dig. 20,1De pignoribus et hypothecis et qualiter ea contrahantur et de pactis eorum (Concerning Pledges and Hypothecations and the Manner in Which They Are Contracted, and the Agreements by Which They Are Made.)Dig. 20,2In quibus causis pignus vel hypotheca tacite contrahitur (In What Cases a Pledge or an Hypothecation Is Tacitly Contracted.)Dig. 20,3Quae res pignori vel hypothecae datae olbigari non possunt (What Property Cannot Legally be Pledged or Hypothecated.)Dig. 20,4Qui potiores in pignore vel hypotheca habeantur et de his qui in priorum creditorum locum succedunt (Which Creditors Are Preferred in Cases of Pledge or Hypothecation, and Concerning Those Who Are Subrogated to Prior Creditors.)Dig. 20,5De distractione pignorum et hypothecarum (Concerning the Sale of Property Pledged and Hypothecated.)Dig. 20,6Quibus modis pignus vel hypotheca solvitur (In What Ways the Lien on Property Pledged or Hypothecated is Released.)
Dig. 21,1De aedilicio edicto et redhibitione et quanti minoris (Concerning the Edict of the Ædiles, and the Actions to Compel the Vendor to Take Back the Property Where He Has Received More Than It Was Worth.)Dig. 21,2De evictionibus et duplae stipulatione (Concerning Evictions, and the Stipulation for Double Damages.)Dig. 21,3De exceptione rei venditae et traditae (Concerning the Exception on the Ground of Property Sold and Delivered.)
Dig. 22,1De usuris et fructibus et causis et omnibus accessionibus et mora (Concerning Interests, Profits, Additions, and All Accessories and Default.)Dig. 22,2De nautico faenore (Concerning Maritime Interest.)Dig. 22,3De probationibus et praesumptionibus (Concerning Proofs and Presumptions.)Dig. 22,4De fide instrumentorum et amissione eorum (Concerning the Authenticity of Instruments and Their Loss.)Dig. 22,5De testibus (Concerning Witnesses.)Dig. 22,6De iuris et facti ignorantia (Concerning Ignorance of Law and Fact.)
Dig. 23,1De sponsalibus (Concerning Betrothals.)Dig. 23,2De ritu nuptiarum (Concerning the Ceremony of Marriage.)Dig. 23,3De iure dotium (Concerning the Law of Dowry.)Dig. 23,4De pactis dotalibus (Concerning Dotal Agreements.)Dig. 23,5De fundo dotali (Concerning Land Given by Way of Dowry.)
Dig. 24,1De donationibus inter virum et uxorem (Concerning Donations Between Husband and Wife.)Dig. 24,2De divortiis et repudiis (Concerning Divorces and Repudiations.)Dig. 24,3Soluto matrimonio dos quemadmodum petatur (In What Way the Dowry Can Be Recovered After the Marriage Has Been Dissolved.)
Dig. 25,1De inpensis in res dotales factis (Concerning Expenses Incurred With Reference to Dotal Property.)Dig. 25,2De actione rerum amotarum (Concerning the Action to Recover Property Which Has Been Removed.)Dig. 25,3De agnoscendis et alendis liberis vel parentibus vel patronis vel libertis (Concerning the Recognition and Maintenance of Children, Parents, Patrons, and Freedmen.)Dig. 25,4De inspiciendo ventre custodiendoque partu (Concerning the Examination of Pregnant Women, and the Precautions to be Taken With Reference to Their Delivery.)Dig. 25,5Si ventris nomine muliere in possessionem missa eadem possessio dolo malo ad alium translata esse dicatur (Where a Woman is Placed in Possession of the Estate of Her Husband in the Name of Her Unborn Child, and This Possession is Said to Have Been Fraudulently Transferred to Another.)Dig. 25,6Si mulier ventris nomine in possessione calumniae causa esse dicetur (Where a Woman is Said to Have Obtained Possession of the Estate of Her Husband in the Name of Her Unborn Child, by Having Made a False Statement.)Dig. 25,7De concubinis (Concerning Concubines.)
Dig. 26,1De tutelis (Concerning Guardianship.)Dig. 26,2De testamentaria tutela (Concerning Testamentary Guardianship.)Dig. 26,3De confirmando tutore vel curatore (Concerning the Confirmation of a Guardian or a Curator.)Dig. 26,4De legitimis tutoribus (Concerning Legal Guardians.)Dig. 26,5De tutoribus et curatoribus datis ab his qui ius dandi habent, et qui et in quibus causis specialiter dari possunt (Concerning Guardians and Curators Who Are Appointed by Those Who Have a Legal Right to Do So, and Who Can Be Appointed Expressly, and Under What Circumstances.)Dig. 26,6Qui petant tutores vel curatores et ubi petantur (Concerning Those Who May Demand Guardians or Curators, and Where This Can Be Done.)Dig. 26,7De administratione et periculo tutorum et curatorum qui gesserint vel non et de agentibus vel conveniendis uno vel pluribus (Concerning the Administration and Responsibility of Guardians and Curators, Whether They Have Transacted the Business of Their Trusts or Not, and Concerning Actions and Suits Which Can Be Brought Against One or All of Them.)Dig. 26,8De auctoritate et consensu tutorum et curatorum (Concerning the Authority and Consent of Guardians and Curators.)Dig. 26,9Quando ex facto tutoris vel curatoris minores agere vel conveniri possunt (When Minors Can Sue or Be Sued on Account of the Acts of Their Guardians or Curators.)Dig. 26,10De suspectis tutoribus et curatoribus (Concerning Suspected Guardians and Curators.)
Dig. 27,1De excusationibus (Concerning the Excuses of Guardians and Curators.)Dig. 27,2Ubi pupillus educari vel morari debeat et de alimentis ei praestandis (Where a Ward Should Be Brought Up, or Reside, and Concerning the Support Which Should Be Furnished Him.)Dig. 27,3De tutelae et rationibus distrahendis et utili curationis causa actione (Concerning the Action to Compel an Accounting for Guardianship, and the Equitable Action Based on Curatorship.)Dig. 27,4De contraria tutelae et utili actione (Concerning the Counter-action on Guardianship and the Prætorian Action.)Dig. 27,5De eo qui pro tutore prove curatore negotia gessit (Concerning One Who Transacts Business as Acting Guardian or Curator.)Dig. 27,6Quod falso tutore auctore gestum esse dicatur (Concerning Business Transacted Under the Authority of a False Guardian.)Dig. 27,7De fideiussoribus et nominatoribus et heredibus tutorum et curatorum (Concerning the Sureties of Guardians and Curators and Those Who Have Offered Them, and the Heirs of the Former.)Dig. 27,8De magistratibus conveniendis (Concerning Suits Against Magistrates.)Dig. 27,9De rebus eorum, qui sub tutela vel cura sunt, sine decreto non alienandis vel supponendis (Concerning the Property of Those Who Are Under Guardianship or Curatorship, and With Reference To The Alienation or Encumbrance of Their Property Without a Decree.)Dig. 27,10De curatoribus furioso et aliis extra minores dandis (Concerning the Appointment of Curators for Insane Persons and Others Who Are Not Minors.)
Dig. 28,1Qui testamenta facere possunt et quemadmodum testamenta fiant (Who Can Make Wills and in What Manner They Should Be Executed.)Dig. 28,2De liberis et postumis heredibus instituendis vel exheredandis (Concerning the Appointment and Disinheritance of Children and Posthumous Heirs.)Dig. 28,3De iniusto rupto irrito facto testamento (Concerning Illegal, Invalid, and Broken Wills.)Dig. 28,4De his quae in testamento delentur inducuntur vel inscribuntur (Concerning Erasures, Cancellations, or Additions to a Will.)Dig. 28,5De heredibus instituendis (Concerning the Appointment of Heirs.)Dig. 28,6De vulgari et pupillari substitutione (Concerning Ordinary and Pupillary Substitutions.)Dig. 28,7De condicionibus institutionum (Concerning the Conditions of Appointments.)Dig. 28,8De iure deliberandi (Concerning the Right of Deliberating.)
Dig. 29,1De testamento militis (Concerning the Will of a Soldier.)Dig. 29,2De adquirenda vel omittenda hereditate (Concerning the Acquisition or Rejection of Estates.)Dig. 29,3Testamenta quemadmodum aperiuntur inspiciantur et describantur (In What Way Wills Should Be Opened, Examined, and Copied.)Dig. 29,4Si quis omissa causa testamenti ab intestato vel alio modo possideat hereditatem (Where Anyone, Through the Rejection of His Appointment as Testamentary Heir, Obtains Possession of the Estate Through Intestacy or in Any Other Way.)Dig. 29,5De senatus consulto Silaniano et Claudiano: quorum testamenta ne aperiantur (Concerning the Silanian and Claudian Decrees of the Senate by the Provisions of Which Wills Cannot Be Opened.)Dig. 29,6Si quis aliquem testari prohibuerit vel coegerit (Where Anyone Prevents Another From Making a Will, or Compels Him to Make One.)Dig. 29,7De iure codicillorum (Concerning the Law of Codicils.)
Dig. 33,1De annuis legatis et fideicommissis (Concerning Annual Legacies and Trusts.)Dig. 33,2De usu et usu fructu et reditu et habitatione et operis per legatum vel fideicommissum datis (Concerning Use, Usufruct, Income, Lodging, and Services Left by Legacies or Trusts.)Dig. 33,3De servitute legata (Concerning the Legacy of Servitudes.)Dig. 33,4De dote praelegata (Concerning the Preferred Legacy of a Dowry.)Dig. 33,5De optione vel electione legata (Concerning the Option or Choice of Articles Bequeathed as a Legacy.)Dig. 33,6De tritico vino vel oleo legato (Concerning Bequests of Wheat, Wine, and Oil.)Dig. 33,7De instructo vel instrumento legato (Concerning Legacies of Equipment or Implements.)Dig. 33,8De peculio legato (Concerning Legacies of Peculium.)Dig. 33,9De penu legata (Concerning Legacies of Provisions.)Dig. 33,10De suppellectile legata (Concerning Bequests of Household Goods.)
Dig. 34,1De alimentis vel cibariis legatis (Concerning Legacies of Subsistence or Food.)Dig. 34,2De auro argento mundo ornamentis unguentis veste vel vestimentis et statuis legatis (Concerning Legacies of Gold, Silver, Ornaments, Jewels, Perfumes, Clothing, Tapestry and Statues.)Dig. 34,3De liberatione legata (Concerning the Bequest of a Release From Liability.)Dig. 34,4De adimendis vel transferendis legatis vel fideicommissis (Concerning the Cancellation or Transfer of Legacies and Trusts.)Dig. 34,5De rebus dubiis (Concerning Doubtful Matters.)Dig. 34,6De his quae poenae causa relinquuntur (Concerning Bequests Made by Way of Penalty.)Dig. 34,7De regula Catoniana (Concerning the Rule of Cato.)Dig. 34,8De his quae pro non scriptis habentur (Considering Testamentary Provisions Which Are Considered as Not Having Been Written.)Dig. 34,9De his quae ut indignis auferuntur (Concerning Those Who Are Deprived of Their Legacies as Being Unworthy of Them.)
Dig. 35,1De condicionibus et demonstrationibus et causis et modis eorum, quae in testamento scribuntur (Concerning Testamentary Conditions and Designations, Their Reasons and Their Modifications.)Dig. 35,2Ad legem Falcidiam (Concerning the Falcidian Law.)Dig. 35,3Si cui plus, quam per legem Falcidiam licuerit, legatum esse dicetur (Where More is Said to Have Been Bequeathed to Anyone Than is Permitted by the Falcidian Law.)
Dig. 36,1Ad senatus consultum Trebellianum (On the Trebellian Decree of the Senate.)Dig. 36,2Quando dies legatorum vel fideicommissorum cedat (At What Time Legacies or Trusts Take Effect.)Dig. 36,3Ut legatorum seu fideicommissorum servandorum causa caveatur (Concerning Security Given for the Payment of Legacies or the Execution of Trusts.)Dig. 36,4Ut in possessionem legatorum vel fideicommissorum servandorum causa esse liceat (When the Legatees of the Beneficiaries of a Trust can be Placed in Possession of the Property of the Estate for the Purpose of Preserving the Same.)
Dig. 37,1De bonorum possessionibus (Concerning the Prætorian Possession of Property.)Dig. 37,2Si tabulae testamenti extabunt (Concerning Prætorian Possession Where There is a Will.)Dig. 37,3De bonorum possessione furioso infanti muto surdo caeco competente (Concerning the Prætorian Possession of Property Granted to an Insane Person, an Infant, or One Who is Dumb, Deaf, or Blind.)Dig. 37,4De bonorum possessione contra tabulas (Concerning the Prætorian Possession of Property Contrary to the Provisions of the Will.)Dig. 37,5De legatis praestandis contra tabulas bonorum possessione petita (Concerning the Payment of Legacies Where Prætorian Possession of an Estate is Obtained Contrary to the Provisions of the Will.)Dig. 37,6De collatione bonorum (Concerning the Collation of Property.)Dig. 37,7De dotis collatione (Concerning Collation of the Dowry.)Dig. 37,8De coniungendis cum emancipato liberis eius (Concerning the Contribution to be Made Between an Emancipated Son and His Children.)Dig. 37,9De ventre in possessionem mittendo et curatore eius (Concerning the Placing of an Unborn Child in Possession of an Estate, and his Curator.)Dig. 37,10De Carboniano edicto (Concerning the Carbonian Edict.)Dig. 37,11De bonorum possessione secundum tabulas (Concerning Prætorian Possession of an Estate in Accordance with the Provisions of the Will.)Dig. 37,12Si a parente quis manumissus sit (Concerning Prætorian Possession Where a Son Has Been Manumitted by His Father.)Dig. 37,13De bonorum possessione ex testamento militis (Concerning Prætorian Possession of an Estate in the Case of the Will of a Soldier.)Dig. 37,14De iure patronatus (Concerning the Right of Patronage.)Dig. 37,15De obsequiis parentibus et patronis praestandis (Concerning the Respect Which Should be Shown to Parents and Patrons.)
Dig. 38,1De operis libertorum (Concerning the Services of Freedmen.)Dig. 38,2De bonis libertorum (Concerning the Property of Freedmen.)Dig. 38,3De libertis universitatium (Concerning the Freedmen of Municipalities.)Dig. 38,4De adsignandis libertis (Concerning the Assignment of Freedmen.)Dig. 38,5Si quid in fraudem patroni factum sit (Where Anything is Done to Defraud the Patron.)Dig. 38,6Si tabulae testamenti nullae extabunt, unde liberi (Where no Will is in Existence by Which Children May be Benefited.)Dig. 38,7Unde legitimi (Concerning Prætorian Possession by Agnates.)Dig. 38,8Unde cognati (Concerning the Prætorian Possession Granted to Cognates.)Dig. 38,9De successorio edicto (Concerning the Successory Edict.)Dig. 38,10De gradibus et adfinibus et nominibus eorum (Concerning the Degrees of Relationship and Affinity and Their Different Names.)Dig. 38,11Unde vir et uxor (Concerning Prætorian Possession With Reference to Husband and Wife.)Dig. 38,12De veteranorum et militum successione (Concerning the Succession of Veterans and Soldiers.)Dig. 38,13Quibus non competit bonorum possessio (Concerning Those Who are Not Entitled to Prætorian Possession of an Estate.)Dig. 38,14Ut ex legibus senatusve consultis bonorum possessio detur (Concerning Prætorian Possession of Property Granted by Special Laws or Decrees of the Senate.)Dig. 38,15Quis ordo in possessionibus servetur (What Order is to be Observed in Granting Prætorian Possession.)Dig. 38,16De suis et legitimis heredibus (Concerning Proper Heirs and Heirs at Law.)Dig. 38,17Ad senatus consultum Tertullianum et Orphitianum (On the Tertullian and Orphitian Decrees of the Senate.)
Dig. 39,1De operis novi nuntiatione (Concerning the Notice of a New Structure.)Dig. 39,2De damno infecto et de suggrundis et proiectionibus (Concerning Threatened Injury and the Encroachments and Projections of a Neighboring House.)Dig. 39,3De aqua et aquae pluviae arcendae (Concerning the Right to Compel a Neighbor to Take Care of Water and Rain-Water.)Dig. 39,4De publicanis et vectigalibus et commissis (Concerning Farmers of the Public Revenue, Leases of Public Lands, and Forfeitures.)Dig. 39,5De donationibus (Concerning Donations.)Dig. 39,6De mortis causa donationibus et capionibus (Concerning Donations and Other Acquisitions Mortis Causa.)
Dig. 40,1De manumissionibus (Concerning Manumissions.)Dig. 40,2De manumissis vindicta (Concerning Manumissions Before a Magistrate.)Dig. 40,3De manumissionibus quae servis ad universitatem pertinentibus imponuntur (Concerning the Manumission of Slaves Belonging to a Community.)Dig. 40,4De manumissis testamento (Concerning Testamentary Manumissions.)Dig. 40,5De fideicommissariis libertatibus (Concerning Freedom Granted Under the Terms of a Trust.)Dig. 40,6De ademptione libertatis (Concerning the Deprivation of Freedom.)Dig. 40,7De statuliberis (Concerning Slaves Who are to be Free Under a Certain Condition.)Dig. 40,8Qui sine manumissione ad libertatem perveniunt (Concerning Slaves Who Obtain Their Freedom Without Manumission.)Dig. 40,9Qui et a quibus manumissi liberi non fiunt et ad legem Aeliam Sentiam (What Slaves, Having Been Manumitted, do not Become Free, by Whom This is Done; and on the Law of Ælia Sentia.)Dig. 40,10De iure aureorum anulorum (Concerning the Right to Wear a Gold Ring.)Dig. 40,11De natalibus restituendis (Concerning the Restitution of the Rights of Birth.)Dig. 40,12De liberali causa (Concerning Actions Relating to Freedom.)Dig. 40,13Quibus ad libertatem proclamare non licet (Concerning Those Who are Not Permitted to Demand Their Freedom.)Dig. 40,14Si ingenuus esse dicetur (Where Anyone is Decided to be Freeborn.)Dig. 40,15Ne de statu defunctorum post quinquennium quaeratur (No Question as to the Condition of Deceased Persons Shall be Raised After Five Years Have Elapsed After Their Death.)Dig. 40,16De collusione detegenda (Concerning the Detection of Collusion.)
Dig. 41,1De adquirendo rerum dominio (Concerning the Acquisition of the Ownership of Property.)Dig. 41,2De adquirenda vel amittenda possessione (Concerning Acquiring or Losing Possession.)Dig. 41,3De usurpationibus et usucapionibus (Concerning the Interruption of Prescription, and Usucaption.)Dig. 41,4Pro emptore (Concerning Possession Acquired by a Purchaser.)Dig. 41,5Pro herede vel pro possessore (Concerning Possession as Heir or as Possessor.)Dig. 41,6Pro donato (Concerning Possession on the Ground of Donation.)Dig. 41,7Pro derelicto (Concerning Possession on the Ground of Abandonment.)Dig. 41,8Pro legato (Concerning Possession on the Ground of a Legacy.)Dig. 41,9Pro dote (Concerning Possession on the Ground of a Dowry.)Dig. 41,10Pro suo (Concerning Possession on the Ground of Ownership.)
Dig. 42,1De re iudicata et de effectu sententiarum et de interlocutionibus (Concerning Res Judicata and the Effect of Decisions, and Interlocutory Decrees.)Dig. 42,2De confessis (Concerning Confessions.)Dig. 42,3De cessione bonorum (Concerning Assignment for the Benefit of Creditors.)Dig. 42,4Quibus ex causis in possessionem eatur (Concerning the Reasons for Possession Being Granted.)Dig. 42,5De rebus auctoritate iudicis possidendis seu vendundis (Concerning the Possession and Sale of Property by Judicial Authority.)Dig. 42,6De separationibus (Concerning the Separation of the Property of an Estate.)Dig. 42,7De curatore bonis dando (Concerning the Appointment of a Curator of Property.)Dig. 42,8Quae in fraudem creditorum facta sunt ut restituantur (Concerning Restitution Where Fraudulent Acts Have Been Committed Against Creditors.)
Dig. 43,1De interdictis sive extraordinariis actionibus, quae pro his competunt (Concerning Interdicts or the Extraordinary Proceedings to Which They Give Rise.)Dig. 43,2Quorum bonorum (Concerning the Interdict Quorum Bonorum.)Dig. 43,3Quod legatorum (Concerning the Interdict Quod Legatorum.)Dig. 43,4Ne vis fiat ei, qui in possessionem missus erit (Concerning the Interdict Which Prohibits Violence Being Employed Against a Person Placed in Possession.)Dig. 43,5De tabulis exhibendis (Concerning the Production of Papers Relating to a Will.)Dig. 43,6Ne quid in loco sacro fiat (Concerning the Interdict for the Purpose of Preventing Anything Being Done in a Sacred Place.)Dig. 43,7De locis et itineribus publicis (Concerning the Interdict Relating to Public Places and Highways.)Dig. 43,8Ne quid in loco publico vel itinere fiat (Concerning the Interdict Forbidding Anything to be Done in a Public Place or on a Highway.)Dig. 43,9De loco publico fruendo (Concerning the Edict Relating to the Enjoyment of a Public Place.)Dig. 43,10De via publica et si quid in ea factum esse dicatur (Concerning the Edict Which Has Reference to Public Streets and Anything Done Therein.)Dig. 43,11De via publica et itinere publico reficiendo (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to Repairs of Public Streets and Highways.)Dig. 43,12De fluminibus. ne quid in flumine publico ripave eius fiat, quo peius navigetur (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to Rivers and the Prevention of Anything Being Done in Them or on Their Banks Which May Interfere With Navigation.)Dig. 43,13Ne quid in flumine publico fiat, quo aliter aqua fluat, atque uti priore aestate fluxit (Concerning the Interdict to Prevent Anything From Being Built in a Public River or on Its Bank Which Might Cause the Water to Flow in a Different Direction Than it did During the Preceding Summer.)Dig. 43,14Ut in flumine publico navigare liceat (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to the Use of a Public River for Navigation.)Dig. 43,15De ripa munienda (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to Raising the Banks of Streams.)Dig. 43,16De vi et de vi armata (Concerning the Interdict Against Violence and Armed Force.)Dig. 43,17Uti possidetis (Concerning the Interdict Uti Possidetis.)Dig. 43,18De superficiebus (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to the Surface of the Land.)Dig. 43,19De itinere actuque privato (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to Private Rights of Way.)Dig. 43,20De aqua cottidiana et aestiva (Concerning the Edict Which Has Reference to Water Used Every Day and to Such as is Only Used During the Summer.)Dig. 43,21De rivis (Concerning the Interdict Having Reference to Conduits.)Dig. 43,22De fonte (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to Springs.)Dig. 43,23De cloacis (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to Sewers.)Dig. 43,24Quod vi aut clam (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to Works Undertaken by Violence or Clandestinely.)Dig. 43,25De remissionibus (Concerning the Withdrawal of Opposition.)Dig. 43,26De precario (Concerning Precarious Tenures.)Dig. 43,27De arboribus caedendis (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to the Cutting of Trees.)Dig. 43,28De glande legenda (Concerning the Interdict Having Reference to the Gathering of Fruit Which Has Fallen From the Premises of One Person Upon Those of Another.)Dig. 43,29De homine libero exhibendo (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to the Production of a Person Who Is Free.)Dig. 43,30De liberis exhibendis, item ducendis (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to the Production of Children and Their Recovery.)Dig. 43,31Utrubi (Concerning the Interdict Utrubi.)Dig. 43,32De migrando (Concerning the Interdict Having Reference to the Removal of Tenants.)Dig. 43,33De Salviano interdicto (Concerning the Salvian Interdict.)
Dig. 44,1De exceptionibus praescriptionibus et praeiudiciis (Concerning Exceptions, Prescriptions, and Preliminary Inquiries.)Dig. 44,2De exceptione rei iudicatae (Concerning the Exception Based on Res Judicata.)Dig. 44,3De diversis temporalibus praescriptionibus et de accessionibus possessionum (Concerning Different Temporary Exceptions and the Union of Several Possessions.)Dig. 44,4De doli mali et metus exceptione (Concerning the Exception Founded on Fraud and Fear.)Dig. 44,5Quarum rerum actio non datur (Under What Circumstances an Action Shall Not Be Granted.)Dig. 44,6De litigiosis (Concerning Property in Litigation.)Dig. 44,7De obligationibus et actionibus (Concerning Obligations and Actions.)
Dig. 45,1De verborum obligationibus (Concerning Verbal Obligations.)Dig. 45,2De duobus reis constituendis (Concerning the Liability of Two or More Promisors.)Dig. 45,3De stipulatione servorum (Concerning the Stipulations of Slaves.)
Dig. 46,1De fideiussoribus et mandatoribus (Concerning Sureties and Mandators.)Dig. 46,2De novationibus et delegationibus (Concerning Novations and Delegations.)Dig. 46,3De solutionibus et liberationibus (Concerning Payments and Releases.)Dig. 46,4De acceptilatione (Concerning Release.)Dig. 46,5De stipulationibus praetoriis (Concerning Prætorian Stipulations.)Dig. 46,6Rem pupilli vel adulescentis salvam fore (Concerning Security for the Property of a Ward or Minor.)Dig. 46,7Iudicatum solvi (Concerning Security for the Payment of a Judgment.)Dig. 46,8Ratam rem haberi et de ratihabitione (Concerning Security for Ratification.)
Dig. 47,1De privatis delictis (Concerning Private Offences.)Dig. 47,2De furtis (Concerning Thefts.)Dig. 47,3De tigno iuncto (Concerning the Theft of Timbers Joined to a Building.)Dig. 47,4Si is, qui testamento liber esse iussus erit, post mortem domini ante aditam hereditatem subripuisse aut corrupisse quid dicetur (Where Anyone Who is Ordered to be Free by the Terms of a Will, After the Death of His Master and Before the Estate is Entered Upon, is Said to Have Stolen or Spoiled Something.)Dig. 47,5Furti adversus nautas caupones stabularios (Concerning Theft Committed Against Captains of Vessels, Innkeepers, and Landlords.)Dig. 47,6Si familia furtum fecisse dicetur (Concerning Thefts Alleged to Have Been Made by an Entire Body of Slaves.)Dig. 47,7Arborum furtim caesarum (Concerning Trees Cut Down by Stealth.)Dig. 47,8Vi bonorum raptorum et de turba (Concerning the Robbery of Property by Violence, and Disorderly Assemblages.)Dig. 47,9De incendio ruina naufragio rate nave expugnata (Concerning Fire, Destruction, and Shipwreck, Where a Boat or a Ship is Taken by Force.)Dig. 47,10De iniuriis et famosis libellis (Concerning Injuries and Infamous Libels.)Dig. 47,11De extraordinariis criminibus (Concerning the Arbitrary Punishment of Crime.)Dig. 47,12De sepulchro violato (Concerning the Violation of Sepulchres.)Dig. 47,13De concussione (Concerning Extortion.)Dig. 47,14De abigeis (Concerning Those Who Steal Cattle.)Dig. 47,15De praevaricatione (Concerning Prevarication.)Dig. 47,16De receptatoribus (Concerning Those Who Harbor Criminals.)Dig. 47,17De furibus balneariis (Concerning Thieves Who Steal in Baths.)Dig. 47,18De effractoribus et expilatoribus (Concerning Those Who Break Out of Prison, and Plunderers.)Dig. 47,19Expilatae hereditatis (Concerning the Spoliation of Estates.)Dig. 47,20Stellionatus (Concerning Stellionatus.)Dig. 47,21De termino moto (Concerning the Removal of Boundaries.)Dig. 47,22De collegiis et corporibus (Concerning Associations and Corporations.)Dig. 47,23De popularibus actionibus (Concerning Popular Actions.)
Dig. 48,1De publicis iudiciis (On Criminal Prosecutions.)Dig. 48,2De accusationibus et inscriptionibus (Concerning Accusations and Inscriptions.)Dig. 48,3De custodia et exhibitione reorum (Concerning the Custody and Appearance of Defendants in Criminal Cases.)Dig. 48,4Ad legem Iuliam maiestatis (On the Julian Law Relating to the Crime of Lese Majesty.)Dig. 48,5Ad legem Iuliam de adulteriis coercendis (Concerning the Julian Law for the Punishment of Adultery.)Dig. 48,6Ad legem Iuliam de vi publica (Concerning the Julian Law on Public Violence.)Dig. 48,7Ad legem Iuliam de vi privata (Concerning the Julian Law Relating to Private Violence.)Dig. 48,8Ad legem Corneliam de siccariis et veneficis (Concerning the Cornelian Law Relating to Assassins and Poisoners.)Dig. 48,9De lege Pompeia de parricidiis (Concerning the Pompeian Law on Parricides.)Dig. 48,10De lege Cornelia de falsis et de senatus consulto Liboniano (Concerning the Cornelian Law on Deceit and the Libonian Decree of the Senate.)Dig. 48,11De lege Iulia repetundarum (Concerning the Julian Law on Extortion.)Dig. 48,12De lege Iulia de annona (Concerning the Julian Law on Provisions.)Dig. 48,13Ad legem Iuliam peculatus et de sacrilegis et de residuis (Concerning the Julian Law Relating to Peculation, Sacrilege, and Balances.)Dig. 48,14De lege Iulia ambitus (Concerning the Julian Law With Reference to the Unlawful Seeking of Office.)Dig. 48,15De lege Fabia de plagiariis (Concerning the Favian Law With Reference to Kidnappers.)Dig. 48,16Ad senatus consultum Turpillianum et de abolitionibus criminum (Concerning the Turpillian Decree of the Senate and the Dismissal of Charges.)Dig. 48,17De requirendis vel absentibus damnandis (Concerning the Conviction of Persons Who Are Sought For or Are Absent.)Dig. 48,18De quaestionibus (Concerning Torture.)Dig. 48,19De poenis (Concerning Punishments.)Dig. 48,20De bonis damnatorum (Concerning the Property of Persons Who Have Been Convicted.)Dig. 48,21De bonis eorum, qui ante sententiam vel mortem sibi consciverunt vel accusatorem corruperunt (Concerning the Property of Those Who Have Either Killed Themselves or Corrupted Their Accusers Before Judgment Has Been Rendered.)Dig. 48,22De interdictis et relegatis et deportatis (Concerning Persons Who Are Interdicted, Relegated, and Deported.)Dig. 48,23De sententiam passis et restitutis (Concerning Persons Upon Whom Sentence Has Been Passed and Who Have Been Restored to Their Rights.)Dig. 48,24De cadaveribus punitorum (Concerning the Corpses of Persons Who Are Punished.)
Dig. 49,1De appellationibus et relegationibus (On Appeals and Reports.)Dig. 49,2A quibus appellari non licet (From What Persons It Is Not Permitted to Appeal.)Dig. 49,3Quis a quo appelletur (To Whom and From Whom an Appeal Can be Taken.)Dig. 49,4Quando appellandum sit et intra quae tempora (When an Appeal Should be Taken, and Within What Time.)Dig. 49,5De appellationibus recipiendis vel non (Concerning the Acceptance or Rejection of Appeals.)Dig. 49,6De libellis dimissoriis, qui apostoli dicuntur (Concerning Notices of Appeal Called Dispatches.)Dig. 49,7Nihil innovari appellatione interposita (No Change Shall be Made After the Appeal Has Been Interposed.)Dig. 49,8Quae sententiae sine appellatione rescindantur (What Decisions Can be Rescinded Without an Appeal.)Dig. 49,9An per alium causae appellationum reddi possunt (Whether the Reasons for an Appeal Can be Presented by Another.)Dig. 49,10Si tutor vel curator magistratusve creatus appellaverit (Where a Guardian, a Curator, or a Magistrate Having Been Appointed, Appeals.)Dig. 49,11Eum qui appellaverit in provincia defendi (He Who Appeals Should Be Defended in His Own Province.)Dig. 49,12Apud eum, a quo appellatur, aliam causam agere compellendum (Where a Party Litigant is Compelled to Bring Another Action Before the Judge From Whose Decision He Has Already Appealed.)Dig. 49,13Si pendente appellatione mors intervenerit (If Death Should Occur While an Appeal is Pending.)Dig. 49,14De iure fisci (Concerning the Rights of the Treasury.)Dig. 49,15De captivis et de postliminio et redemptis ab hostibus (Concerning Captives, the Right of Postliminium, and Persons Ransomed From the Enemy.)Dig. 49,16De re militari (Concerning Military Affairs.)Dig. 49,17De castrensi peculio (Concerning Castrense Peculium.)Dig. 49,18De veteranis (Concerning Veterans.)
Dig. 50,1Ad municipalem et de incolis (Concerning Municipal Towns and Their Inhabitants.)Dig. 50,2De decurionibus et filiis eorum (Concerning Decurions and Their Sons.)Dig. 50,3De albo scribendo (Concerning the Register of Decurions.)Dig. 50,4De muneribus et honoribus (Concerning Public Employments and Honors.)Dig. 50,5De vacatione et excusatione munerum (Concerning Exemption and Excuses From Employments.)Dig. 50,6De iure immunitatis (On the Right of Immunity.)Dig. 50,7De legationibus (Concerning Embassies.)Dig. 50,8De administratione rerum ad civitates pertinentium (Concerning the Administration of Property Belonging to Cities.)Dig. 50,9De decretis ab ordine faciendis (Concerning Decrees Which Should Be Rendered by the Order of Decurions.)Dig. 50,10De operibus publicis (Concerning Public Works.)Dig. 50,11De nundinis (Concerning Markets.)Dig. 50,12De pollicitationibus (Concerning Promises.)Dig. 50,13De variis et extraordinariis cognitionibus et si iudex litem suam fecisse dicetur (Concerning Extraordinary Judicial Inquiries, and Where a Judge is Alleged to Have Rendered a Case His Own.)Dig. 50,14De proxeneticis (Concerning Brokers.)Dig. 50,15De censibus (Concerning Taxes.)Dig. 50,16De verborum significatione (Concerning the Signification of Terms.)Dig. 50,17De diversis regulis iuris antiqui (Concerning Different Rules of Ancient Law.)
Ex libro II
Dig. 3,2,22Marcellus libro secundo publicorum. Ictus fustium infamiam non importat, sed causa, propter quam id pati meruit, si ea fuit, quae infamiam damnato irrogat. in ceteris quoque generibus poenarum eadem forma statuta est.
Marcellus, Public Affairs, Book II. Blows with rods do not of themselves cause infamy, but the reason for which the person deserved to suffer the punishment does, if it was of such a nature as to render him who was convicted infamous. The same rule also applies to other kinds of punishment.