Corpus iurisprudentiae Romanae

Repertorium zu den Quellen des römischen Rechts

Digesta Iustiniani Augusti

Recognovit Mommsen (1870) et retractavit Krüger (1928)
Convertit in Anglica lingua Scott (1932)
Dig. L4,
De muneribus et honoribus
Liber quinquagesimus
IV.

De muneribus et honoribus

(Concerning Public Employments and Honors.)

1Her­mo­ge­nia­nus li­bro pri­mo epi­to­ma­rum. Mu­ne­rum ci­vi­lium quae­dam sunt pa­tri­mo­nii, alia per­so­na­rum. 1Pa­tri­mo­nii sunt mu­ne­ra rei ve­hi­cu­la­ris, item na­vi­cu­la­ris: de­cem­pri­ma­tus: ab is­tis enim pe­ri­cu­lo ip­so­rum ex­ac­tio­nes sol­lem­nium ce­le­bran­tur. 2Per­so­na­lia ci­vi­lia sunt mu­ne­ra de­fen­sio ci­vi­ta­tis, id est ut syn­di­cus fiat: le­ga­tio ad cen­sus ac­ci­pien­dum vel pa­tri­mo­nium: scri­ba­tus: καμηλασία: an­no­nae ac si­mi­lium cu­ra: prae­dio­rum­que pu­bli­co­rum: fru­men­ti com­pa­ran­di: aquae duc­tus: equo­rum cir­cen­sium spec­ta­cu­la: pu­bli­cae viae mu­ni­tio­nes: ar­cae fru­men­ta­riae: ca­le­fac­tio­nes ther­ma­rum: an­no­nae di­vi­sio et quae­cum­que aliae cu­rae is­tis sunt si­mi­les. ex his enim, quae ret­tu­li­mus, ce­te­ra et­iam per le­ges cu­ius­que ci­vi­ta­tis ex con­sue­tu­di­ne lon­ga in­tel­le­gi po­tue­runt. 3Il­lud te­nen­dum est ge­ne­ra­li­ter per­so­na­le qui­dem mu­nus es­se, quod cor­po­ri­bus la­bo­re cum sol­li­ci­tu­di­ne ani­mi ac vi­gi­lan­tia sol­lem­ni­ter ex­ti­tit, pa­tri­mo­nii ve­ro, in quo sump­tus ma­xi­me pos­tu­la­tur. 4Ae­que per­so­na­le mu­nus est tu­te­la, cu­ra ad­ul­ti fu­rio­si­ve, item prod­igi, mu­ti, et­iam ven­tris, et­iam ad ex­hi­ben­dum ci­bum po­tum tec­tum et si­mi­lia. sed et in bo­nis, cu­ius of­fi­cio usu­ca­pio­nes in­ter­pel­lan­tur ac, ne de­bi­to­res li­be­ren­tur, pro­vi­de­tur: item ex Car­bo­nia­no edic­to bo­no­rum pos­ses­sio­ne pe­ti­ta, si sa­tis non de­tur, cus­to­dien­dis bo­nis cu­ra­tor da­tus per­so­na­li fun­gi­tur mu­ne­re. his si­mi­les sunt bo­nis da­ti cu­ra­to­res, quae fue­runt eius, qui ab hos­ti­bus cap­tus est et re­ver­ti spe­ra­tur: item cus­to­dien­dis ab eo re­lic­tis, cui nec­dum quis­quam ci­vi­li vel ho­no­ra­rio iu­re suc­ces­sit, cu­ra­to­res con­sti­tu­ti.

1Hermogenianus, Epitomes, Book I. Some municipal employments are derived from estates, and others from persons. 1Employments derived from estates refer to transportation of goods by sea or land, and engage the attention of the first in rank among the decurions, for he is responsible for any collections made by him in the performance of his official duties. 2Personal employments are such as relate to the defence of a city, that is to say, such as may be made by the civil magistrate, for example, the collection of taxes, or as has been stated with reference to patrimonial employments, supervision of beasts of burden with a view to the supply of provisions and other things of this kind; as well as care of the public lands, aqueducts, horses, and chariot-races; repairs of highways and warehouses; the heating of baths, the distribution of food, and all duties of this description. For from what we have stated, any other matters which, by long-continued custom, have been established in the different cities, can be readily understood. 3A personal employment is generally understood to be one which is accompanied with manual labor, care, and diligence. A patrimonial employment, however, is one in which expense is especially requisite. 4Among personal employments are included the guardianship and curatorship of a minor or an insane person, as well as that of a spendthrift, one who is dumb, and an unborn child, to whom it is also necessary to furnish food, drink, lodging, and other things of this kind. With reference, however, to the property of the minor or the insane person, care must be taken by the person charged with the duty that it shall not be acquired by usucaption, or any debtors be released from liability. Likewise, where possession of property is demanded under the terms of the Carbonian Edict, if security is not furnished, the curator who has been appointed discharges a personal employment in taking care of the property. The same rule applies to curators who have been appointed to take charge of the property of persons who have been captured by the enemy, and expect to return. Again, curators are appointed for an estate left to one who cannot yet succeed to it by either Civil or Prætorian Law.

2Ul­pia­nus li­bro vi­cen­si­mo pri­mo ad Sa­binum. Quod ad ho­no­res per­ti­net, cre­di­tur in po­tes­ta­te fi­lium ha­be­re et­iam is, qui in pa­tris po­tes­ta­te est.

2Ulpianus, On Sabinus, Book XXI. If a son who is under the control of his father should himself have a son, he will be considered to be under his control, so far as municipal honors are concerned.

3Idem li­bro se­cun­do opi­nio­num. Et qui ori­gi­nem ab ur­be Ro­ma ha­bent, si alio lo­co do­mi­ci­lium con­sti­tue­runt, mu­ne­ra eius sus­ti­ne­re de­bent. 1His, qui cas­tris ope­ram per mi­li­tiam dant, nul­lum mu­ni­ci­pa­le mu­nus in­iun­gi pot­est. ce­te­ri au­tem pri­va­ti, quam­vis mi­li­tum co­gna­ti sunt, le­gi­bus pa­triae suae et pro­vin­ciae ob­oe­di­re de­bent. 2Si in me­tal­lum da­tus in in­te­grum re­sti­tu­tus sit, per­in­de ac si nec dam­na­tus fuis­set, ad mu­ne­ra vel ho­no­res vo­ca­tur: nec op­po­net for­tu­nam et ca­sus tris­tio­res suos ad hoc so­lum, ne pa­triae ido­neus ci­vis es­se vi­dea­tur. 3Cor­po­ra­lia mu­ne­ra fe­mi­nis ip­se se­xus de­ne­gat. 4Quo mi­nus ho­no­res aut mu­ne­ra in­iun­gan­tur fi­lio, si nul­lam ha­bet ex­cu­sa­tio­nem, in­ter­ce­de­re pa­ter, in cu­ius po­tes­ta­te est, ius non ha­bet. 5Quod pa­ter non con­sen­sit ho­no­ri­bus si­ve mu­ne­ri­bus fi­lii, ne il­lius pa­tri­mo­nium one­ri sub­icia­tur, prae­stat de­fen­sio­nem, non ci­vem pa­triae uti­li­ta­ti­bus qua­te­nus pot­est au­fert. 6Quam­vis ma­ior an­nis sep­tua­gin­ta et quin­que li­be­ro­rum in­co­lu­mium pa­ter sit id­eo­que a mu­ne­ri­bus ci­vi­li­bus ex­cu­se­tur, fi­lii ta­men eius suo no­mi­ne com­pe­ten­tia mu­ne­ra ad­gnos­ce­re de­bent: id­eo enim pro­prium prae­mium im­mu­ni­ta­tis prop­ter fi­lios pa­tri­bus da­tum est, quod il­li sub­ibunt. 7Vi­tri­cus one­ra mu­ne­rum ci­vi­lium no­mi­ne pri­vi­gni sui sus­ci­pe­re nul­la iu­ris ra­tio­ne co­gi­tur. 8Li­ber­ti mu­ne­ri­bus fun­gi de­bent apud ori­gi­nem pa­tro­no­rum, sed si sua pa­tri­mo­nia ha­bent suf­fec­tu­ra one­ri­bus: res enim pa­tro­no­rum mu­ne­ri­bus li­ber­ti­no­rum sub­iec­ta non est. 9Quod pa­ter in rea­tu cri­mi­nis ali­cu­ius est, fi­liis im­pe­d­imen­to ad ho­no­res es­se non de­bet. 10De­ca­pro­tos et­iam mi­no­res an­nis vi­gin­ti quin­que fie­ri, non mi­li­tan­tes ta­men, pri­dem pla­cuit, quia pa­tri­mo­nii ma­gis onus vi­de­tur es­se. 11Ex­ac­tio­nem tri­bu­to­rum onus pa­tri­mo­nii es­se con­stat. 12Cu­ra fru­men­ti com­pa­ran­di mu­nus est, et ab eo ae­tas sep­tua­gin­ta an­no­rum vel nu­me­rus quin­que in­co­lu­mium li­be­ro­rum ex­cu­sat. 13Eos mi­li­tes, qui­bus su­per­ve­nien­ti­bus hos­pi­tia prae­be­ri in ci­vi­ta­te opor­tet, per vi­ces ab om­ni­bus, quos id mu­nus con­tin­git, sus­ci­pi opor­tet. 14Mu­nus hos­pi­tis in do­mo re­ci­pien­di non per­so­nae, sed pa­tri­mo­nii onus est. 15Prae­ses pro­vin­ciae pro­vi­deat mu­ne­ra et ho­no­res in ci­vi­ta­ti­bus ae­qua­li­ter per vi­ces se­cun­dum ae­ta­tes et dig­ni­ta­tes, ut gra­dus mu­ne­rum ho­no­rum­que qui an­ti­qui­tus sta­tu­ti sunt, in­iun­gi, ne si­ne dis­cri­mi­ne et fre­quen­ter is­dem op­pres­sis si­mul vi­ris et vi­ri­bus res pu­bli­cae de­sti­tuan­tur. 16Si duo fi­lii in pa­tris po­tes­ta­te sint, eo­dem tem­po­re mu­ne­ra eo­rum pa­ter sus­ti­ne­re non com­pel­li­tur. 17Si is, qui duos fi­lios re­lin­que­bat, ni­hil de ex­pe­dien­dis mu­ne­ri­bus al­te­rius fi­lii ex com­mu­ni pa­tri­mo­nio su­pre­mis suis ca­vit, pro­priis sump­ti­bus is et mu­ne­ra et ho­no­res, qui ei in­iun­gen­tur, sus­ci­pe­re de­bet, quam­vis pro al­te­ro vi­vus pa­ter eius­mo­di one­ra ex­pe­die­rit.

3The Same, Opinions, Book II. Persons who were born in the City of Rome, and who have established their domicile elsewhere, must accept public employment at Rome. 1No municipal employment can be imposed upon soldiers who are serving in camp. Other private persons, however, even though they are the relatives of soldiers, must obey the laws of their country and their province. 2When anyone is sentenced to the mines, and afterwards obtains complete restitution, he may be called to public employments and honors just as if he had never been convicted; and his misfortune and sad experience cannot be advanced to show that he is not a good citizen of his country. 3Their sex denies to women corporeal employments, and prevents them from obtaining municipal honors or offices. 4A father has no right to prevent a son, who is under his control, from obtaining municipal honors, if he has no good excuse for doing so. 5A father is not required to undertake the defence of his son, if he does not consent for him to obtain municipal honors, or employments, for fear his estate may be subjected to a burden; but he can not prevent him from being liable to his country to the extent of his means. 6Although anyone who is over seventy years of age, or has five children living, is, for either of these reasons, excused from holding civil employments; still, his sons ought to accept offices for which they are qualified, for the immunity granted to fathers on account of their children they themselves do not enjoy. 7A stepfather can, by no rule of law, be compelled to undertake the burdens of civil employment, in the name of his stepson. 8Freedmen should discharge the duties of public employment at the birthplace of their patron, if their pecuniary resources are sufficient to enable them to do so; as the property of their patrons is not liable on account of offices administered by their freedmen. 9When a father has been guilty of some crime, this should be no impediment to the acquisition of municipal honors by his sons. 10It has long since been settled that minors under twenty-five years of age can become decurions; not, however, when they are in military service, because this burden is considered as rather attaching to a patrimonial employment. 11The collection of taxes is considered to be a patrimonial employment. 12The duty of collecting provisions is a personal employment, and the age of seventy years, or the number of five living children, exempts a person from it. 13Persons who are obliged to furnish lodgings to soldiers coming to a city should discharge this duty by turns. 14The duty of furnishing lodgings to soldiers is not a personal, but a patrimonial one. 15The Governor of a province should see that employments and honors are equally distributed among the citizens in turn, according to their age and rank; so that the order of the various degrees of said employments and honors, which have been established of old, shall be followed, to prevent the same person from being indiscriminately and frequently oppressed by their imposition, and the State from being deprived at the same time of men and of power. 16Where there are two sons under the control of their father, he cannot be compelled to be responsible for the employment of both of them at the same time. 17If a man, who left two sons, did not, by his last will, provide out of their common patrimony, for the discharge of the duties of public office by one of them, the latter should not, at his own expense, assume responsibility for any duties or honors which may be enjoined upon him, although the father, while living, might have assumed liability of this kind for one of his sons.

4Idem li­bro ter­tio opi­nio­num. Cu­ra ex­struen­di vel re­fi­cien­di ope­ris in ci­vi­ta­te mu­nus pu­bli­cum est, a quo quin­que li­be­ro­rum in­co­lu­mium pa­ter ex­cu­sa­tur: nec si per vim ex­tor­tum mu­nus fue­rit, ex­cu­sa­tio­nem, quam ha­bet ab aliis mu­ne­ri­bus, au­fe­ret. 1De­fi­cien­tium fa­cul­ta­ti­bus ad mu­ne­ra vel ho­no­res qui in­di­cun­tur ex­cu­sa­tio non per­pe­tua, sed tem­po­ra­lis est: nam si ex vo­to ho­nes­tis ra­tio­ni­bus pa­tri­mo­nium in­cre­men­tum ac­ce­pe­rit, suo tem­po­re, an ido­neus sit ali­quis ad ea, quae crea­tus fue­rit, aes­ti­ma­bi­tur. 2In­opes one­ra pa­tri­mo­nii ip­sa non ha­ben­di ne­ces­si­ta­te non sus­ti­nent, cor­po­ri au­tem in­dic­ta ob­se­quia sol­vunt. 3Qui ob­no­xius mu­ne­ri­bus suae ci­vi­ta­tis fuit, no­men mi­li­tiae de­fu­gien­di one­ris mu­ni­ci­pa­lis gra­tia de­dit: de­te­rio­rem cau­sam rei pu­bli­cae fa­ce­re non po­tuit.

4The Same, Opinions, Book III. The care of the construction or repair of public buildings in a city is a public employment from which a father who has five living children is exempt; but if he should be compelled by force to discharge such an employment, this will not deprive him of any excuse which he may have for not accepting others. 1The excuse of a want of means for not accepting municipal employments or duties which persons are required to undertake is not perpetual but temporary; for, where anyone’s patrimony has been increased by honorable means this will be taken into consideration, when inquiry as to his solvency at the time when he was appointed to the office is made. 2Persons who are poor cannot, through destitution, be compelled to accept patrimonial employments, but they are forced to discharge the duties of corporeal ones to which they have been appointed. 3Anyone who is obliged to discharge a public employment in his city, and represents himself as a soldier for the purpose of avoiding a municipal burden, cannot render the condition of the municipality any worse.

5Scae­vo­la li­bro pri­mo re­gu­la­rum. Na­vi­cu­la­rii et mer­ca­to­res olea­rii, qui mag­nam par­tem pa­tri­mo­nii ei rei con­tu­le­runt, in­tra quin­quen­nium mu­ne­ris pu­bli­ci va­ca­tio­nem ha­bent.

5Scævola, Rules, Book I. Masters of vessels and oil merchants, who have invested the greater part of their patrimony in occupations of this kind, are entitled to exemption from public office for the term of five years.

6Ul­pia­nus li­bro quar­to de of­fi­cio pro­con­su­lis. Re­scrip­to di­vo­rum fra­trum ad Ruti­lium Lu­pum ita de­cla­ra­tur: ‘Con­sti­tu­tio, qua cau­tum est, pro­ut quis­que de­cu­rio crea­tus est, ut ita et ma­gis­tra­tum apis­ca­tur, to­tiens ser­va­ri de­bet, quo­tiens ido­neos et suf­fi­cien­tes om­nes con­tin­git. ce­te­rum si ita qui­dam te­nues et ex­haus­ti sunt, ut non mo­do pu­bli­cis ho­no­ri­bus pa­res non sint, sed et vix de suo vic­tum sus­ti­ne­re pos­sint: et mi­nus uti­le et ne­qua­quam ho­nes­tum est ta­li­bus man­da­ri ma­gis­tra­tum, prae­ser­tim cum sint qui con­ve­nien­ter ei et suae for­tu­nae et splen­do­ri pu­bli­co pos­sint crea­ri. sciant igi­tur lo­cu­ple­tio­res non de­be­re se hoc prae­tex­tu le­gis uti et de tem­po­re, quo quis­que in cu­riam al­lec­tus sit, in­ter eos de­mum es­se quae­ren­dum, qui pro sub­stan­tia sua ca­piant ho­no­ris dig­ni­ta­tem’. 1De­bi­to­res re­rum pu­bli­ca­rum ad ho­no­res in­vi­ta­ri non pos­se cer­tum est, ni­si prius in id quod de­be­tur rei pu­bli­cae sa­tis­fe­ce­rint. sed eos de­mum de­bi­to­res re­rum pu­bli­ca­rum ac­ci­pe­re de­be­mus, qui ex ad­mi­nis­tra­tio­ne rei pu­bli­cae re­li­quan­tur: ce­te­rum si non ex ad­mi­nis­tra­tio­ne sint de­bi­to­res, sed mu­tuam pe­cu­niam a re pu­bli­ca ac­ce­pe­rint, non sunt in ea cau­sa, ut ho­no­ri­bus ar­cean­tur. pla­ne vi­ce so­lu­tio­nis suf­fi­cit, ut quis aut pig­no­ri­bus aut fi­de­ius­so­ri­bus ido­neis ca­veat: et ita di­vi fra­tres Au­fi­dio He­ren­nia­no re­scrip­se­runt. sed et si ex pol­li­ci­ta­tio­ne de­beant, quae ta­men pol­li­ci­ta­tio re­cu­sa­ri non pot­est, in ea sunt con­di­cio­ne, ut ho­no­ri­bus ar­cean­tur. 2Si quis ac­cu­sa­to­rem non ha­beat, non de­bet ho­no­ri­bus pro­hi­be­ri, quem­ad­mo­dum non de­bet is, cu­ius ac­cu­sa­tor de­sti­te­rit. ita enim im­pe­ra­tor nos­ter cum di­vo pa­tre suo re­scrip­sit. 3Scien­dum est quae­dam es­se mu­ne­ra aut per­so­nae aut pa­tri­mo­nio­rum, iti­dem quos­dam es­se ho­no­res. 4Mu­ne­ra, quae pa­tri­mo­niis in­iun­gun­tur, vel in­tri­bu­tio­nes ta­lia sunt, ut ne­que ae­tas ea ex­cu­set ne­que nu­me­rus li­be­ro­rum nec alia prae­ro­ga­ti­va, quae so­let a per­so­na­li­bus mu­ne­ri­bus ex­ue­re. 5Sed enim haec mu­ne­ra, quae pa­tri­mo­niis in­di­cun­tur, du­pli­cia sunt: nam quae­dam pos­ses­so­ri­bus in­iun­gun­tur, si­ve mu­ni­ci­pes sunt si­ve non sunt, quae­dam non ni­si mu­ni­ci­pi­bus vel in­co­lis. in­tri­bu­tio­nes, quae agris fiunt vel ae­di­fi­ciis, pos­ses­so­ri­bus in­di­cun­tur: mu­ne­ra ve­ro, quae pa­tri­mo­nio­rum ha­ben­tur, non aliis quam mu­ni­ci­pi­bus vel in­co­lis.

6Ulpianus, On the Duties of Proconsul, Book IV. The following was stated in a Rescript of the Divine Brothers addressed to Rutilius Luppus: “The Constitution by which it is provided that anyone who has been created a decurion can obtain the office of magistrate should be observed, whenever the parties concerned are solvent and properly qualified. Where, however, they are of such inferior rank and slender resources that they are not only unsuited to the enjoyment of public honors, but are also scarcely able to support themselves, it is both useless and dishonorable for such persons to be charged with the office of magistrate, especially when there are others who can be appointed, and who, by their fortunes and their rank, are suited to the position. Therefore, let all who are wealthy know that they should not avail themselves of this provision of the law, and that when anyone is to be chosen in an assembly, inquiry should be made among those who are present for persons who, by reason of their means, are capable of assuming the dignity of the office.” 1It is certain that public debtors cannot be raised to municipal honors, unless they first pay what they owe to the city. We should understand such debtors to be those in whose hands a balance remains from the administration of public business. When, however, they are not debtors of this description, but have borrowed money from the city they are not in a position to be excluded from municipal honors. It is evident that it will be sufficient if, instead of payment, they make provision for it by means of pledges or solvent sureties. This was stated by the Divine Brothers in a Rescript addressed to Aufidius Herennianus. Where they are indebted merely under a promise which cannot be refused, they are in such a position that they must be excluded from municipal honors. 2Where anyone, though guilty of an offence, has not been accused, he should not be excluded from public office any more than if he had an accuser who withdrew from the prosecution; for Our Emperor with his Divine Father stated this in a Rescript. 3It must be noted that certain employments are either personal or patrimonial, just as certain honors are. 4Employments which have reference to patrimonies, or the payment of taxes, are of such a nature that neither age nor the number of children, nor any other privilege which usually exempts persons from personal employments, will be a valid excuse for declining them. 5These employments which have reference to patrimonies are of a double nature, for some of them are enjoined upon possessors, whether they are citizens or not; and others are enjoined upon the residents or citizens of a town. Taxes imposed upon lands or buildings have reference to the possessors of the same, but patrimonial employments only concern municipalities or their inhabitants.

7Mar­cia­nus li­bro se­cun­do pu­bli­co­rum. Reus de­la­tus et­iam an­te sen­ten­tiam ho­no­res pe­te­re prin­ci­pa­li­bus con­sti­tu­tio­ni­bus pro­hi­be­tur: nec in­ter­est, ple­be­ius an de­cu­rio fue­rit. sed post an­num, quam reus de­la­tus est, pe­te­re non pro­hi­be­tur, ni­si per ip­sum ste­tit, quo mi­nus cau­sa in­tra an­num ex­pe­di­re­tur. 1Eum, con­tra quem prop­ter ho­no­res ap­pel­la­tum est, si pen­den­te ap­pel­la­tio­ne ho­no­rem usur­pa­ve­rit, co­er­cen­dum di­vus Se­ve­rus re­scrip­sit. er­go et si is, qui ho­no­ri­bus per sen­ten­tiam uti pro­hi­bi­tus est, ap­pel­la­ve­rit, abs­ti­ne­re in­ter­im pe­ti­tio­ne ho­no­ris de­be­bit.

7Marcianus, Public Prosecutions, Book II. A person who has been accused of crime is forbidden by the Imperial Constitutions to aspire to municipal honors before his case has been decided. It makes no difference whether he is a plebeian or a decurion. He cannot, however, be prevented from accepting such an office after a year has elapsed from the time when he was accused, unless he is to blame for the case not having been heard during the year. 1The Divine Severus stated in a Rescript that when a man is elected a magistrate, and his opponent appeals, and while the appeal is pending he takes possession of the office, he should be punished. Therefore, if anyone who is prevented by a decision from obtaining municipal honors takes an appeal, he should, in the meantime, refrain from demanding the office.

8Ul­pia­nus li­bro un­de­ci­mo ad edic­tum. Ad rem pu­bli­cam ad­mi­nis­tran­dam an­te vi­cen­si­mum quin­tum an­num, vel ad mu­ne­ra quae non pa­tri­mo­nii sunt vel ho­no­res, ad­mit­ti mi­no­res non opor­tet. de­ni­que nec de­cu­rio­nes crean­tur vel crea­ti suf­fra­gium in cu­ria fe­runt. an­nus au­tem vi­cen­si­mus quin­tus coep­tus pro ple­no ha­be­tur: hoc enim in ho­no­ri­bus fa­vo­ris cau­sa con­sti­tu­tum est, ut pro ple­nis in­choa­tos ac­ci­pia­mus, sed in his ho­no­ri­bus, in qui­bus rei pu­bli­cae quid eis non com­mit­ti­tur. ce­te­rum cum dam­no pu­bli­co ho­no­rem ei com­mit­ti non est di­cen­dum, et­iam cum ip­sius per­ni­cie mi­no­ris.

8Ulpianus, On the Edict, Book XI. Minors should not be admitted to the administration of public affairs, either in such employments as are not patrimonial, or in such as are magisterial, before reaching their twenty-fifth year; nor should they be made decurions, for, if they are, they cannot cast their votes in the assembly. After the beginning of their twenty-fifth year, however, it is held as having elapsed, for it has been decided as a matter of favor in cases of this kind, that we must consider what has been begun as completed; but the administration of no public office shall be entrusted to them, lest some damage may be committed against the government, or some injury caused to the minor himself.

9Idem li­bro ter­tio de of­fi­cio con­su­lis. Si quis ma­gis­tra­tus in mu­ni­ci­pio crea­tus mu­ne­re in­iunc­to fun­gi de­trec­tet, per prae­si­des mu­nus ad­gnos­ce­re co­gen­dus est re­me­diis, qui­bus tu­to­res quo­que so­lent co­gi ad mu­nus quod in­iunc­tum est ad­gnos­cen­dum.

9The Same, On the Duties of Consul, Book III. When anyone who has been created a municipal magistrate refuses to perform the duties of his office, he can be compelled to do so by the Governor in the same manner as guardians can be forced to discharge the duties of the trust imposed upon them.

10Mo­des­ti­nus li­bro quin­to dif­fe­ren­tia­rum. Ho­no­rem sus­ti­nen­ti mu­nus im­po­ni non pot­est: mu­nus sus­ti­nen­ti ho­nor de­fer­ri pot­est.

10Modestinus, Differences, Book V. An additional employment cannot be imposed upon a magistrate; but the office of magistrate can be conferred upon one who already has another public employment.

11Idem li­bro un­de­ci­mo pan­dec­ta­rum. Ut gra­da­tim ho­no­res de­fe­ran­tur, edic­to, et ut a mi­no­ri­bus ad ma­io­res per­ve­nia­tur, epis­tu­la di­vi Pii ad Ti­tia­num ex­pri­mi­tur. 1Et­si le­ge mu­ni­ci­pa­li ca­vea­tur, ut prae­fe­ran­tur in ho­no­ri­bus cer­tae con­di­cio­nis ho­mi­nes: at­ta­men scien­dum est hoc es­se ob­ser­van­dum, si ido­nei sint: et ita re­scrip­to di­vi Mar­ci con­ti­ne­tur. 2Quo­tiens pen­u­ria est eo­rum, qui ma­gis­tra­tum sus­ci­piunt, im­mu­ni­tas ad ali­quid in­frin­gi­tur, sic­uti di­vi fra­tres re­scrip­se­runt. 3Re­pro­ba­ri pos­se me­di­cum a re pu­bli­ca, quam­vis se­mel pro­ba­tus sit, di­vus mag­nus An­to­ni­nus cum pa­tre re­scrip­sit. 4Eos, qui pri­mis lit­te­ris pue­ros in­du­cunt, non ha­be­re va­ca­tio­nem di­vus mag­nus An­to­ni­nus re­scrip­sit.

11The Same, Pandects, Book XI. Under the Prætorian Edict, offices should be conferred by degrees, and, as is stated by a letter of the Divine Pius to Titianus, this should be done from the less important to the more important ones. 1Although it is provided by the municipal law, that men of a certain condition should be preferred in making appointments to the magistracy, still it must be remembered that this rule ought only to be observed when the candidates are solvent. This is set forth in a Rescript of the Divine Marcus. 2The Divine Brothers stated in a Rescript that whenever there is a scarcity of citizens eligible to the magistracy, immunity can be, to some extent, infringed. 3The Divine Antoninus and his Father stated in a Rescript that although a physician may already have been approved, he can be rejected by the municipality. 4The Divine Antoninus stated in a Rescript that those who instructed children in the rudiments of learning were not exempt from the duties of public office.

12Ia­vo­le­nus li­bro sex­to ex Cas­sio. Cui mu­ne­ris pu­bli­ci va­ca­tio da­tur, non re­mit­ti­tur ei, ne ma­gis­tra­tus fiat, quia id ad ho­no­rem ma­gis quam ad mu­ne­ra per­ti­net. ce­te­ra om­nia, quae ad tem­pus ex­tra or­di­nem ex­igun­tur, vel­uti mu­ni­tio via­rum, ab hu­ius­mo­di per­so­na ex­igen­da non sunt.

12Javolenus, On Cassius, Book VI. Anyone who has been granted exemption from the performance of municipal duties is not excused from becoming a magistrate, because the functions of the latter are more honorable than those attaching to other public employments; but all other extraordinary duties required from anyone temporarily, as, for instance, the repair of highways, should not be demanded of a person of this kind.

13Idem li­bro quin­to de­ci­mo ex Cas­sio. Va­ca­tio item­que im­mu­ni­tas, quae li­be­ris et pos­te­ris ali­cu­ius da­ta est, ad eos dum­ta­xat per­ti­net, qui eius fa­mi­liae sunt.

13The Same, On Cassius, Book XV. Exemption and immunity from public employments conceded to the children and descendants of anyone only have reference to persons belonging to his family.

14Cal­lis­tra­tus li­bro pri­mo de co­gni­tio­ni­bus. Ho­nor mu­ni­ci­pa­lis est ad­mi­nis­tra­tio rei pu­bli­cae cum dig­ni­ta­tis gra­du, si­ve cum sump­tu si­ve si­ne ero­ga­tio­ne con­tin­gens. 1Mu­nus aut pu­bli­cum aut pri­va­tum est. pu­bli­cum mu­nus di­ci­tur, quod in ad­mi­nis­tran­da re pu­bli­ca cum sump­tu si­ne ti­tu­lo dig­ni­ta­tis sub­imus. 2Via­rum mu­ni­tio­nes, prae­dio­rum col­la­tio­nes non per­so­nae, sed lo­co­rum mu­ne­ra sunt. 3De ho­no­ri­bus si­ve mu­ne­ri­bus ge­ren­dis cum quae­ri­tur, in pri­mis con­si­de­ran­da per­so­na est eius, cui de­fer­tur ho­nor si­ve mu­ne­ris ad­mi­nis­tra­tio: item ori­go na­ta­lium: fa­cul­ta­tes quo­que an suf­fi­ce­re in­iunc­to mu­ne­ri pos­sint: item lex, se­cun­dum quam mu­ne­ri­bus quis­que fun­gi de­beat. 4Ple­be­ii fi­lii fa­mi­lias pe­ri­cu­lo eius qui no­mi­na­ve­rit te­ne­bun­tur, id­que im­pe­ra­tor nos­ter Se­ve­rus Au­gus­tus in haec ver­ba re­scrip­sit: ‘Si in nu­me­ro ple­be­io­rum fi­lius tuus est, quam­quam in­vi­tus ho­no­res ex per­so­na fi­lii sus­ci­pe­re co­gi non de­beas, ta­men re­sis­te­re, quo mi­nus pa­triae ob­se­qua­tur pe­ri­cu­lo eius qui no­mi­na­vit, iu­re pa­triae po­tes­ta­tis non potes’. 5Ge­ren­do­rum ho­no­rum non pro­mis­cua fa­cul­tas est, sed or­do cer­tus huic rei ad­hi­bi­tus est. nam ne­que prius ma­io­rem ma­gis­tra­tum quis­quam, ni­si mi­no­rem sus­ce­pe­rit, ge­re­re pot­est, ne­que ab om­ni ae­ta­te, ne­que con­ti­nua­re quis­que ho­no­res pot­est. 6Si alii non sint qui ho­no­res ge­rant, eos­dem com­pel­len­dos, qui ges­se­rint, con­plu­ri­mis con­sti­tu­tio­ni­bus ca­ve­tur. di­vus et­iam Ha­d­ria­nus de ite­ran­dis mu­ne­ri­bus re­scrip­sit in haec ver­ba: ‘Il­lud con­sen­tio, ut, si alii non erunt ido­nei qui hoc mu­ne­re fun­gan­tur, ex his, qui iam func­ti sunt, creen­tur’.

14Callistratus, Judicial Inquiries, Book I. Municipal honor is the administration of public affairs, with the title of the office, whether the payment of expenses is required or not. 1An employment is either public or private. A public employment is one in which we undertake to administer public affairs, with the payment of expenses, and without the title of dignity. 2The collection of expenses for repairing the highways and of taxes on land are not personal, but local employments. 3When a question arises with reference to municipal honors and the administration of public employments, the person upon whom the honor or the employment is conferred must be taken into consideration, together with the origin of his birth, and whether his means are sufficient to enable him to administer the employment entrusted to him; and also the law, in accordance with which every one should discharge his official duties. 4A plebeian son under paternal control holds his office at the risk of the person who nominated him. Our Emperor, Severus, stated the following on this point in a Rescript: “If your son is a plebeian, you should not be compelled, against your will, to be responsible for his administration of the magistracy, because you cannot exercise your right of paternal authority to resist his appointment, but his administration will be at the risk of him who nominated him.” 5The power of administering a public office is not a promiscuous one, but a certain order should be observed; for no one can discharge the higher functions of the magistracy before having discharged those of a lower degree, nor can anyone continue to perform the duties of a public office at any age. 6It is provided by many Imperial Constitutions that, where there are no others to hold the office, those who had it previously can be compelled to continue to administer it. The Divine Hadrian stated in a Rescript with reference to continuance in office: “If there are no others who are competent to perform the duties of the office, I consent that they shall be chosen from those who already have performed them.”

15Pa­pi­nia­nus li­bro quin­to re­spon­so­rum. Et­si fi­lium pa­ter de­cu­rio­nem es­se vo­luit, ta­men de­func­to ho­no­res, qui fi­lio de­cu­rio­ni con­gruen­tes post mor­tem pa­tris ob­ti­ge­runt, ad onus co­he­redis fi­lii non per­ti­nent, cum ei de­cu­rio­ni suf­fi­cien­tes fa­cul­ta­tes pa­ter re­li­que­rit.

15Papinianus, Opinions, Book V. If a father consents for his son to become a decurion, and after his death his son obtains the office, his co-heirs cannot be held responsible for his maladministration, if the father left his son, the decurion, sufficient means to discharge his liabilities.

16Pau­lus li­bro pri­mo sen­ten­tia­rum. Aes­ti­ma­tio­nem ho­no­ris aut mu­ne­ris in pe­cu­nia pro ad­mi­nis­tra­tio­ne of­fe­ren­tes au­dien­di non sunt. 1Qui pro ho­no­re pe­cu­niam pro­mi­sit, si sol­ve­re eam coe­pit, to­tam prae­sta­re ope­ris in­choa­ti ex­em­plo co­gen­dus est. 2In­vi­tus fi­lius pro pa­tre rem pu­bli­cam sal­vam fo­re ca­ve­re non co­gi­tur. 3De­fen­sio­nem rei pu­bli­cae am­plius quam se­mel sus­ci­pe­re ne­mo co­gi­tur, ni­si id fie­ri ne­ces­si­tas pos­tu­let.

16Paulus, Sentences, Book I. Those who offer a sum of money in order to obtain exemption from the administration of a municipal office or employment should not be heard. 1Anyone who promises a sum of money for a municipal honor, and has begun to pay it shall be compelled to pay the entire amount, just as in the case of an unfinished public work. 2A son cannot, against his will, be compelled to become responsible for any public employment administered by his father. 3No one can be forced to undertake the defence of a municipality more than once, unless necessity requires this to be done.

17Her­mo­ge­nia­nus li­bro pri­mo iu­ris epi­to­ma­rum. Spon­te pro­vin­ciae sa­cer­do­tium ite­ra­re ne­mo pro­hi­be­tur. 1Im­mu­nis ab ho­no­ri­bus et mu­ne­ri­bus ci­vi­li­bus si de­cu­rio­ni crea­to fi­lio, quem ha­bet in po­tes­ta­te, con­sen­tiat, in mu­ne­ri­bus et ho­no­ri­bus sump­tus sub­mi­nis­tra­re fi­lio com­pel­li­tur.

17Hermogenianus, Epitomes, Book I. No one is prohibited from voluntarily repeating the performance of the sacerdotal ceremonies of a province. 1When a father who is exempt from the civil employments and duties of the magistracy consents to have his son, who is under his control, created decurion, he will be compelled to assume responsibility for the proper discharge of all the functions and obligations undertaken by his son.

18Ar­ca­dius Cha­ri­sius li­bro sin­gu­la­ri de mu­ne­ri­bus ci­vi­li­bus. Mu­ne­rum ci­vi­lium tri­plex di­vi­sio est: nam quae­dam mu­ne­ra per­so­na­lia sunt, quae­dam pa­tri­mo­nio­rum di­cun­tur, alia mix­ta. 1Per­so­na­lia sunt, quae ani­mi pro­vi­sio­ne et cor­po­ra­lis la­bo­ris in­ten­tio­ne si­ne ali­quo ge­ren­tis de­tri­men­to per­pe­tran­tur, vel­uti tu­te­la vel cu­ra, ka­len­da­rii quo­que cu­ra­tio. 2Et quaes­tu­ra in ali­qua ci­vi­ta­te in­ter ho­no­res non ha­be­tur, sed per­so­na­le mu­nus est. 3Ti­ro­num si­ve equo­rum pro­duc­tio et si qua alia ani­ma­lia ne­ces­sa­rio pro­du­cen­da vel res per­ve­hen­dae si­ve per­se­quen­dae sunt vel pe­cu­nia fis­ca­lis si­ve an­no­na vel ves­tis, per­so­nae mu­nus est. 4Cur­sus ve­hi­cu­la­ris sol­li­ci­tu­do, item an­ga­ria­rum prae­bitio per­so­na­le mu­nus est. 5Cu­ra quo­que emen­di fru­men­ti olei (nam ha­rum spe­cie­rum cu­ra­to­res, quos σιτώνας et ἐλαιώνας ap­pel­lant, crea­ri mo­ris est) in­ter per­so­na­lia mu­ne­ra in qui­bus­dam ci­vi­ta­ti­bus nu­me­ran­tur: et ca­le­fac­tio pu­bli­ci ba­li­nei, si ex red­iti­bus ali­cu­ius ci­vi­ta­tis cu­ra­to­ri pe­cu­nia sub­mi­nis­tra­tur. 6Sed et cu­ra cus­to­dien­di aquae duc­tus per­so­na­li­bus mu­ne­ri­bus ad­gre­ga­tur. 7Ire­nar­chae quo­que, qui dis­ci­pli­nae pu­bli­cae et cor­ri­gen­dis mo­ri­bus prae­fi­ciun­tur: sed et qui ad fa­cien­das vias eli­gi so­lent, cum ni­hil de pro­prio pa­tri­mo­nio in hoc mu­nus con­fe­rant: item epis­co­pi, qui prae­sunt pa­ni et ce­te­ris ve­na­li­bus re­bus, quae ci­vi­ta­tium po­pu­lis ad co­ti­dia­num vic­tum usui sunt, per­so­na­li­bus mu­ne­ri­bus fun­gun­tur. 8Qui an­no­nam sus­ci­pit vel ex­igit vel ero­gat, et ex­ac­to­res pe­cu­niae pro ca­pi­ti­bus per­so­na­lis mu­ne­ris sol­li­ci­tu­di­nem sus­ti­nent. 9Sed et cu­ra­to­res, qui ad col­li­gen­dos ci­vi­ta­tium pu­bli­cos red­itus eli­gi so­lent, per­so­na­li mu­ne­re sub­iu­gan­tur. 10Hi quo­que, qui cus­to­des ae­dium vel ar­cheo­tae vel lo­go­gra­phi vel ta­bu­la­rii vel xe­no­pa­r­o­chi (ut in qui­bus­dam ci­vi­ta­ti­bus) vel li­me­nar­chae vel cu­ra­to­res ad ex­truen­da vel re­fi­cien­da ae­di­fi­cia pu­bli­ca si­ve pa­la­tia si­ve na­va­lia vel man­sio­nes de­sti­nan­tur, si ta­men pe­cu­niam pu­bli­cam in ope­ris fa­b­ri­cam ero­gent, et qui fa­cien­dis vel re­fi­cien­dis na­vi­bus, ubi usus ex­igit, prae­po­nun­tur, mu­ne­ri­bus per­so­na­li­bus ad­strin­gun­tur. 11Ca­me­la­sia quo­que si­mi­li­ter per­so­na­le mu­nus est: nam ra­tio­ne ha­bi­ta et ali­men­to­rum et ca­me­lo­rum cer­ta pe­cu­nia ca­me­la­riis da­ri de­bet, ut so­lo cor­po­ris mi­nis­te­rio ob­li­gen­tur. hos ex al­bi or­di­ne li­be­ra­ri, ni­si so­la lae­si et in­uti­lis cor­po­ris et in­fir­mi­ta­te, spe­cia­li­ter sit ex­pres­sum. 12Le­ga­ti quo­que, qui ad sa­cra­rium prin­ci­pis mit­tun­tur, quia via­ti­cum, quod le­ga­ti­vum di­ci­tur, in­ter­dum so­lent ac­ci­pe­re, sed et nyc­tos­tra­te­gi et pis­tri­no­rum cu­ra­to­res per­so­na­le mu­nus in­eunt. 13De­fen­so­res quo­que, quos Grae­ci syn­di­cos ap­pel­lant, et qui ad cer­tam cau­sam agen­dam vel de­fen­den­dam eli­gun­tur, la­bo­rem per­so­na­lis mu­ne­ris ad­gre­diun­tur. 14Iu­di­can­di quo­que ne­ces­si­tas in­ter mu­ne­ra per­so­na­lia ha­be­tur. 15Si ali­quis fue­rit elec­tus, ut com­pel­lat eos, qui pro­pe viam pu­bli­cam pos­si­dent, ster­ne­re viam, per­so­na­le mu­nus est. 16Pa­ri mo­do qui ac­cep­tan­dis si­ve sus­ci­pien­dis cen­s­ua­li­bus pro­fes­sio­ni­bus de­sti­nan­tur, ad per­so­na­lis mu­ne­ris sol­li­ci­tu­di­nem ani­mum in­ten­dunt. 17Mas­ti­go­pho­ri quo­que, qui ago­no­the­tas in cer­ta­mi­ni­bus com­itan­tur, et scri­bae ma­gis­tra­tus per­so­na­li mu­ne­ri ser­viunt. 18Pa­tri­mo­nio­rum sunt mu­ne­ra, quae sump­ti­bus pa­tri­mo­nii et dam­nis ad­mi­nis­tran­tis ex­pe­diun­tur. 19Elem­po­ria et pra­tu­ra apud Ale­xan­dri­nos pa­tri­mo­nii mu­nus ex­is­ti­ma­tur. 20Sus­cep­to­res quo­que vi­ni per pro­vin­ciam Afri­cam pa­tri­mo­nii mu­nus ge­runt. 21Pa­tri­mo­nio­rum au­tem mu­ne­ra du­pli­cia sunt. nam quae­dam ex his mu­ne­ri­bus pos­ses­sio­ni­bus si­ve pa­tri­mo­niis in­di­cun­tur, vel­uti ag­mi­na­les equi vel mu­lae et an­ga­riae at­que veredi. 22Hu­ius­mo­di igi­tur ob­se­quia et hi, qui ne­que mu­ni­ci­pes ne­que in­co­lae sunt, ad­gnos­ce­re co­gun­tur. 23Sed et eos, qui fae­nus ex­er­cent, et­si ve­te­r­a­ni sint, tri­bu­tio­nes eius­mo­di ad­gnos­ce­re de­be­re re­scrip­tum est. 24Ab hu­ius­mo­di mu­ne­ri­bus ne­que pri­mi­pi­la­ris ne­que ve­te­ra­nus aut mi­les alius­ve, qui pri­vi­le­gio ali­quo sub­ni­xus, nec pon­ti­fex ex­cu­sa­tur. 25Prae­ter­ea ha­bent quae­dam ci­vi­ta­tes prae­ro­ga­ti­vam, ut hi, qui in ter­ri­to­rio ea­rum pos­si­dent, cer­tum quid fru­men­ti pro men­su­ra agri per sin­gu­los an­nos prae­beant: quod ge­nus col­la­tio­nis mu­nus pos­ses­sio­nis est. 26Mix­ta mu­ne­ra de­ca­pro­tiae et ico­sa­pro­tiae, ut He­ren­nius Mo­des­ti­nus et no­tan­do et dis­pu­tan­do be­ne et op­ti­ma ra­tio­ne de­cre­vit: nam de­ca­pro­ti et ico­sa­pro­ti tri­bu­ta ex­igen­tes et cor­po­ra­le mi­nis­te­rium ge­runt et pro om­ni­bus de­func­to­rum fis­ca­lia de­tri­men­ta resar­ciunt, ut me­ri­to in­ter mix­ta hoc mu­nus nu­me­ra­ri de­beat. 27Sed ea, quae su­pra per­so­na­lia es­se di­xi­mus, si hi qui fun­gun­tur ex le­ge ci­vi­ta­tis suae vel mo­re et­iam de pro­priis fa­cul­ta­ti­bus im­pen­sas fa­ciant vel an­no­nam ex­igen­tes de­ser­to­rum prae­dio­rum dam­na sus­ti­neant, mix­to­rum de­fi­ni­tio­ne con­ti­ne­bun­tur. 28Haec om­nia mu­ne­ra, quae tri­fa­riam di­vi­si­mus, una sig­ni­fi­ca­tio­ne com­pre­hen­dun­tur: nam per­so­na­lia et pa­tri­mo­nio­rum et mix­ta mu­ne­ra ci­vi­lia seu pu­bli­ca ap­pel­lan­tur. 29Si­ve au­tem per­so­na­lium dum­ta­xat si­ve et­iam ci­vi­lium mu­ne­rum im­mu­ni­tas ali­cui con­ce­da­tur, ne­que ab an­no­na ne­que ab an­ga­riis ne­que a veredo ne­que ab hos­pi­te re­ci­pien­do ne­que a na­ve ne­que ca­pi­ta­tio­ne, ex­cep­tis mi­li­ti­bus et ve­te­r­a­nis, ex­cu­sa­ri pos­sunt. 30Ma­gis­tris, qui ci­vi­lium mu­ne­rum va­ca­tio­nem ha­bent, item gram­ma­ti­cis et ora­to­ri­bus et me­di­cis et phi­lo­so­phis, ne hos­pi­tem re­ci­pe­rent, a prin­ci­pi­bus fuis­se im­mu­ni­ta­tem in­dul­tam et di­vus Ves­pa­sia­nus et di­vus Ha­d­ria­nus re­scrip­se­runt.

18Arcadius Charisius, On Civil Employments. There are three kinds of civil employments, for some are called personal, others are styled patrimonial, and others are mixed. 1Personal employments are those which are carried on by the application of the mind, and the exertion of corporeal labor, without resulting in any detriment to the person who administers them; as, for instance, guardianship or curatorship. 2The keeping of accounts and the collection of money in any town is not considered an honorable employment but a personal one. 3The conducting of recruits, or horses, or any other animals necessary for the transportation or pursuit of public property, or of money belonging to the Treasury, or of provisions or clothing, is a personal employment. 4The supervision of posts and couriers is a personal employment. 5The care of purchasing grain and oil (as it is customary to appoint persons for duties of this kind, who are called purveyors of grain and oil), is, in some towns, included among personal employments, as well as the duty of heating the public baths, when the money provided by the official in charge is obtained from the revenues of any municipality. 6The preservation of aqueducts is included in personal employments. 7Irenarchs are officials who are appointed to maintain public discipline and the preservation of morals. Those who are selected for the construction of highways, when they can contribute nothing out of their own property for this purpose, along with those who are appointed to supervise the sale of bread and other provisions necessary to the daily sustenance of the people of towns, administer personal employments. 8Persons who have charge of either the collection or distribution of public provisions, and collectors of individual taxes administer personal employments. 9Officials who are usually chosen for the collection of the public revenues of towns exercise a personal employment. 10Those also who are the guardians of temples, or who have charge of the archives; writers of orations and book-keepers; those who furnish entertainment to strangers, as in certain cities; those who have superintendence of harbors; officials charged with the construction or repair of public buildings, whether palaces, or naval arsenals, or such as are destined for military quarters, who expend the public money in the erection of buildings, or for the construction or repair of ships, when this is necessary, administer personal employments. 11The driving of camels is also a personal employment, for a certain amount should be given to the camel-drivers for the support of themselves and their camels, and an account kept of the same, so that they will only be compelled to furnish manual labor. These should be called according to the order in which they are registered, and should not be released by any excuse, unless it is expressly shown that they are suffering from some corporeal injury, or weakness. 12Messengers who are despatched to the Emperor sometimes receive their necessary travelling expenses, but the officers of the night-watch and the superintendents of mills administer personal employments. 13The defenders also, whom the Greeks call syndics, and who are selected for the prosecution or defence of some case, exercise personal employment. 14The duty of rendering decisions is also classed among personal employments. 15When anyone is chosen to compel persons to construct pavements in front of the public highways, this employment is personal. 16In like manner, those who are appointed for the collection of taxes perform the functions relating to a personal employment. 17The officials who accompany the contestants in games, and the clerks of magistrates, also discharge the functions of personal employments. 18Patrimonial employments are those which are administered at the expense of the estate, and to the loss of the person who exercises them. 19Among the people of Alexandria, officials who purchase oil and vegetables are considered to exercise a patrimonial employment. 20Those who collect wine throughout the province of Africa administer a patrimonial employment. 21Again, patrimonial employments are of a twofold, nature, for some of them have reference to either possession or to patrimonies, for instance, those who furnish horses, or mules for the transporation of military supplies, or for the post. 22Therefore, persons who are neither citizens nor inhabitants of municipal towns are required to perform services of this description. 23It has been stated in a Rescript that those who lend money at interest, even if they are veterans, must pay taxes for the privilege of doing so. 24Neither veterans, nor soldiers, nor any other persons, no matter what privileges they may enjoy, and not even the pontiff himself, is exempt from employments of this kind. 25Moreover, some towns have the privilege of permitting those who own land within their territory to furnish each year a certain amount of corn, in proportion to the real property which they possess; which contribution is an employment attaching to possession. 26Mixed employments are those in which personal and patrimonial ones are combined, as Herennius Modestinus, with the best of reasons, stated in his notes and arguments; for collectors of taxes and grain, who also perform manual labor, exercise personal employments, and make good Treasury losses from the property of deceased persons; so that there is good reason for considering this employment as being mixed in its character. 27We have, however, stated above that those who exercise personal employments, according to the laws or customs of their city, are also obliged to pay the expenses out of their own property; or if those who collect provisions should sustain any loss on account of land which remains uncultivated, these employments will also be included under the denomination of mixed. 28All these employments, which we have divided into three classes, are included under a single signification; for personal, patrimonial, and mixed employments are designated as civil or public. 29Where, however, exemption from merely personal or civil employments is granted to anyone, they cannot be excused from those relating to provisions, posts, couriers, the furnishing of lodgings, the construction of ships, or the collection of personal taxes, with the exception of soldiers and veterans. 30The Divine Vespasian and the Divine Hadrian stated in a Rescript that exemption from furnishing lodgings was granted by the Emperor to teachers who were not liable to civil employment, as well as to grammarians, instructors in rhetoric, and philosophers.