Corpus iurisprudentiae Romanae

Repertorium zu den Quellen des römischen Rechts

Digesta Iustiniani Augusti

Recognovit Mommsen (1870) et retractavit Krüger (1928)
Convertit in Anglica lingua Scott (1932)
Dig. XLVIII13,
Ad legem Iuliam peculatus et de sacrilegis et de residuis
Liber quadragesimus octavus
XIII.

Ad legem Iuliam peculatus et de sacrilegis et de residuis

(Concerning the Julian Law Relating to Peculation, Sacrilege, and Balances.)

1Ul­pia­nus li­bro qua­dra­gen­si­mo quar­to ad Sa­binum. Le­ge Iu­lia pe­cu­la­tus ca­ve­tur, ne quis ex pe­cu­nia sa­cra re­li­gio­sa pu­bli­ca­ve au­fe­rat ne­ve in­ter­ci­piat ne­ve in rem suam ver­tat ne­ve fa­ciat, quo quis au­fe­rat in­ter­ci­piat vel in rem suam ver­tat, ni­si cui uti­que le­ge li­ce­bit: ne­ve quis in au­rum ar­gen­tum aes pu­bli­cum quid in­dat ne­ve im­mis­ceat ne­ve quo quid in­da­tur im­mis­cea­tur fa­ciat sciens do­lo ma­lo, quo id pe­ius fiat.

1Ulpianus, On Sabinus, Book XLIV. It is provided by the Julian Law on Peculation, that: “No one shall intercept, or appropriate for his own use, or do anything, by means of which another can remove, intercept, or employ for his own benefit, any money derived from sacred, religious, or public sources, unless he is authorized to do so by law; and no one shall add to, or mix anything with, gold, silver, or copper belonging to the government; or knowingly and fraudulently commit any act by means of which anything may be added to, or mixed with, the same, through which its value may be diminished.”

2Pau­lus li­bro un­de­ci­mo ad Sa­binum. Le­ge Iu­lia de re­si­duis te­ne­tur, qui pu­bli­cam pe­cu­niam dele­ga­tam in usum ali­quem re­ti­nuit ne­que in eum con­sump­sit.

2Paulus, On Sabinus, Book XI. He is liable under the Julian Law relating to Balances who retains any public money destined for a certain use, and does not employ it for that purpose.

3Ul­pia­nus li­bro pri­mo de ad­ul­te­riis. Pe­cu­la­tus poe­na aquae et ig­nis in­ter­dic­tio­nem, in quam ho­die suc­ces­sit de­por­ta­tio, con­ti­net. por­ro qui in eum sta­tum de­du­ci­tur, sic­ut om­nia pris­ti­na iu­ra, ita et bo­na amit­tit.

3Ulpianus, On Adultery, Book I. The penalty for peculation originally was the interdiction of water and fire, for which, at present, deportation has been substituted. Moreover, anyone who is placed in this position loses not only all his former rights but also his property.

4Mar­cia­nus li­bro quar­to de­ci­mo in­sti­tu­tio­num. Le­ge Iu­lia pe­cu­la­tus te­ne­tur, qui pe­cu­niam sa­cram re­li­gio­sam abs­tu­le­rit in­ter­ce­pe­rit. 1Sed et si do­na­tum deo im­mor­ta­li abs­tu­le­rit, pe­cu­la­tus poe­na te­ne­tur. 2Man­da­tis au­tem ca­ve­tur de sa­c­ri­le­giis, ut prae­si­des sa­c­ri­le­gos la­tro­nes pla­gia­rios con­qui­rant et ut, pro­ut quis­que de­li­que­rit, in eum anim­ad­ver­tant. et sic con­sti­tu­tio­ni­bus ca­ve­tur, ut sa­c­ri­le­gi ex­tra or­di­nem dig­na poe­na pu­nian­tur.

4Marcianus, Institutes, Book XIV. He is liable under the Julian Law relating to Peculation who removes or appropriates any money destined for sacred or religious purposes. 1He is also liable to the penalty for peculation who abstracts anything which has been donated to Immortal God. 2Moreover, it is provided by the Imperial Mandates relating to sacrilege that the Governors of provinces shall search for all sacrilegious persons, robbers, and kidnappers, and punish them according to the gravity of their offences; and it is provided by the Imperial Constitutions that sacrilege shall be punished arbitrarily, by a penalty proportioned to the crime.

5Idem li­bro quar­to de­ci­mo. Le­ge Iu­lia de re­si­duis te­ne­tur is, apud quem ex lo­ca­tio­ne, emp­tio­ne, ali­men­ta­ria ra­tio­ne, ex pe­cu­nia quam ac­ce­pit alia­ve qua cau­sa pe­cu­nia pu­bli­ca re­se­dit. 1Sed et qui pu­bli­cam pe­cu­niam in usu ali­quo ac­cep­tam re­ti­nue­rit nec ero­ga­ve­rit, hac le­ge te­ne­tur. 2Qua le­ge dam­na­tus am­plius ter­tia par­te quam de­bet pu­ni­tur. 3Non fit lo­cus re­li­gio­sus, ubi then­sau­rus in­ve­ni­tur: nam et si in mo­nu­men­to in­ven­tus fue­rit, non qua­si re­li­gio­sus tol­li­tur. quod enim se­pe­li­re quis pro­hi­be­tur, id re­li­gio­sum fa­ce­re non pot­est: at pe­cu­nia se­pe­li­ri non pot­est, ut et man­da­tis prin­ci­pa­li­bus ca­ve­tur. 4Sed et si de re ci­vi­ta­tis ali­quid sub­ri­piat, con­sti­tu­tio­ni­bus prin­ci­pum di­vo­rum Tra­ia­ni et Ha­d­ria­ni ca­ve­tur pe­cu­la­tus cri­men com­mit­ti: et hoc iu­re uti­mur.

5Marcianus, Book XIV. He is liable under the Julian Law relating to Balances who retains in his hands any public money received from leases or purchases, the disposal of provisions or of anything else. 1Moreover, he who has received public money destined for any purpose, and retains it, and does not employ it for that purpose, is liable under this law. 2Anyone convicted under this law is punishable by a fine of a third more than what he owes. 3A place does not become religious in which a treasure is found; for, even though it may be found in a tomb, it is not seized as being religious. For what anyone is forbidden to inter cannot render a place religious, and money cannot be buried, as is provided by the Imperial Mandates, 4But when any public property is stolen, it is provided by the Constitutions of the Emperors Trajan and Hadrian that the crime of peculation is committed. This is the present practice.

6Idem li­bro quin­to re­gu­la­rum. Di­vi Se­ve­rus et An­to­ni­nus Cas­sio fes­to re­scrip­se­runt, res pri­va­to­rum si in ae­dem sa­cram de­po­si­tae sub­rep­tae fue­rint, fur­ti ac­tio­nem, non sa­c­ri­le­gii es­se.

6The Same, Rides, Book IV. The Divine Severus and Antoninus stated in a Rescript addressed to Cassius Festus that if the property of private individuals deposited in a temple should be stolen, an action for theft, and not one for sacrilege should be brought.

7Ul­pia­nus li­bro sep­ti­mo de of­fi­cio pro­con­su­lis. Sa­c­ri­le­gii poe­nam de­be­bit pro­con­sul pro qua­li­ta­te per­so­nae pro­que rei con­di­cio­ne et tem­po­ris et ae­ta­tis et se­xus vel se­ve­rius vel cle­men­tius sta­tue­re. et scio mul­tos et ad bes­tias dam­nas­se sa­c­ri­le­gos, non­nul­los et­iam vi­vos ex­us­sis­se, alios ve­ro in fur­ca sus­pen­dis­se. sed mo­de­ran­da poe­na est us­que ad bes­tia­rum dam­na­tio­nem eo­rum, qui ma­nu fac­ta tem­plum ef­fre­ge­runt et do­na dei in noc­tu tu­le­runt. ce­te­rum si qui in­ter­diu mo­di­cum ali­quid de tem­plo tu­lit, poe­na me­tal­li co­er­cen­dus est, aut, si ho­nes­tio­re lo­co na­tus sit, de­por­tan­dus in in­su­lam est.

7Ulpianus, On the Duties of Proconsul, Book VII. The Proconsul should inflict the penalty for sacrilege either with greater or less severity or clemency, in accordance with the rank and condition of the culprit, taking into consideration the time, as well as his or her age and sex. I know that several magistrates have sentenced persons guilty of sacrilege to be thrown to wild beasts, others to be burned alive, and still others to be hanged on a gallows. The penalty, however, should be regulated by having those thrown to wild beasts who, with an armed band, have broken into a temple, and carried away the gifts of the gods by night; but where a person takes something of trifling value from a temple, he should be punished by being sentenced to the mines, or if he was born in a superior position, he should be deported to an island.

8Idem li­bro eo­dem. Qui, cum in mo­ne­ta pu­bli­ca ope­ra­ren­tur, ex­trin­se­cus si­bi sig­nant pe­cu­niam for­ma pu­bli­ca vel sig­na­tam fu­ran­tur, hi non vi­den­tur ad­ul­te­ri­nam mo­ne­tam ex­er­cuis­se, sed fur­tum pu­bli­cae mo­ne­tae fe­cis­se, quod ad pe­cu­la­tus cri­men ac­ce­dit. 1Si quis ex me­tal­lis Cae­sa­ria­nis au­rum ar­gen­tum­ve fu­ra­tus fue­rit, ex edic­to di­vi Pii ex­ilio vel me­tal­lo, pro­ut dig­ni­tas per­so­nae, pu­ni­tur. is au­tem, qui fu­ran­ti si­num prae­buit, per­in­de ha­be­tur, at­que si ma­ni­fes­ti fur­ti con­dem­na­tus es­set, et fa­mo­sus ef­fi­ci­tur. qui au­tem au­rum ex me­tal­lo ha­bue­rit il­li­ci­te et con­fla­ve­rit, in qua­dru­plum con­dem­na­tur.

8The Same, In the Same Book. Those who make public money, or stamp it with a public die, and manufacture it for themselves outside of the mint, or steal it after it has been stamped, are not considered to have counterfeited it, but as having committed a theft of the common coin which resembles the crime of peculation. 1If anyone should steal any gold or silver belonging to the State, he shall, according to an Edict of the Divine Pius, be punished with exile, or sentenced to the mines according to his rank. Anyone who lends his stamp to a thief is considered to have been convicted of manifest theft, and becomes infamous. He who has unlawfully extracted gold from a mine, and melted it, is condemned to quadruple damages.

9Ve­nu­leius Sa­tur­ni­nus li­bro se­cun­do iu­di­cio­rum pu­bli­co­rum. Pe­cu­la­tus cri­men an­te quin­quen­nium ad­mis­sum ob­ici non opor­tet.

9Venuleius Saturninus, Public Prosecutions, Book II. The crime of peculation cannot be prosecuted after the lapse of five years.

10Idem ex li­bro ter­tio iu­di­cio­rum pu­bli­co­rum. Qui ta­bu­lam ae­ream le­gis for­mam­ve agro­rum aut quid aliud con­ti­nen­tem re­fi­xe­rit vel quid in­de im­mu­ta­ve­rit, le­ge Iu­lia pe­cu­la­tus te­ne­tur. 1Ea­dem le­ge te­ne­tur, qui quid in ta­bu­lis pu­bli­cis de­le­ve­rit vel in­du­xe­rit.

10The Same, Public Prosecutions, Book III. Anyone who removes the brazen tablet of the law containing the boundaries of fields or anything else, or changes it in any way, is liable under the Julian Law relating to Peculation. 1He who erases anything from the public registers, or inserts anything therein, is liable under this law.

11Pau­lus li­bro sin­gu­la­ri de iu­di­ciis pu­bli­cis. Sa­c­ri­le­gi ca­pi­te pu­niun­tur. 1Sunt au­tem sa­c­ri­le­gi, qui pu­bli­ca sa­cra com­pi­la­ve­runt. at qui pri­va­ta sa­cra vel aed­icu­las in­cus­to­di­tas temp­ta­ve­runt, am­plius quam fu­res, mi­nus quam sa­c­ri­le­gi me­ren­tur. qua­re quod sa­crum quod­ve ad­mis­sum in sa­c­ri­le­gii cri­men ca­dat, di­li­gen­ter con­si­de­ran­dum est. 2La­beo li­bro tri­gen­si­mo oc­ta­vo pos­te­rio­rum pe­cu­la­tum de­fi­nit pe­cu­niae pu­bli­cae aut sa­crae fur­tum non ab eo fac­tum, cu­ius pe­ri­cu­lo fuit, et id­eo ae­dituum in his, quae ei tra­di­ta sunt, pe­cu­la­tum non ad­mit­te­re. 3Eo­dem ca­pi­te in­fe­rius scri­bit non so­lum pe­cu­niam pu­bli­cam, sed et­iam pri­va­tam cri­men pe­cu­la­tus fa­ce­re, si quis quod fis­co de­be­tur si­mu­lans se fis­ci cre­di­to­rem ac­ce­pit, quam­vis pri­va­tam pe­cu­niam abs­tu­le­rit. 4Is au­tem, qui pe­cu­niam tra­icien­dam sus­ce­pit vel qui­li­bet alius, ad cu­ius pe­ri­cu­lum pe­cu­nia per­ti­net, pe­cu­la­tum non com­mit­tit. 5Se­na­tus ius­sit le­ge pe­cu­la­tus te­ne­ri eos, qui in­ius­su eius, qui ei rei prae­erit, ta­bu­la­rum pu­bli­ca­rum in­spi­cien­da­rum de­scri­ben­da­rum­que po­tes­ta­tem fe­ce­rint. 6Eum, qui pe­cu­niam pu­bli­cam in usus ali­quos re­ti­nue­rit nec ero­ga­ve­rit, hac le­ge te­ne­ri La­beo li­bro tri­gen­si­mo oc­ta­vo pos­te­rio­rum scrip­sit. cum eo au­tem, qui, cum pro­vin­cia ab­iret, pe­cu­niam, quae pe­nes se es­set, ad ae­ra­rium pro­fes­sus re­ti­nue­rit, non es­se re­si­duae pe­cu­niae ac­tio­nem, quia eam pri­va­tus fis­co de­beat, et id­eo in­ter de­bi­to­res eum fer­ri: eam­que ab eo is, qui hoc im­pe­rio uti­tur, ex­ige­ret, id est pig­nus ca­pien­do, cor­pus re­ti­nen­do, mul­tam di­cen­do. sed eam quo­que lex Iu­lia re­si­duo­rum post an­num re­si­duam es­se ius­sit.

11Paulus, On Public Prosecutions. Persons convicted of sacrilege shall be punished with death. 1Persons guilty of sacrilege are such as purloin sacred articles belonging to the public. Those who appropriate sacred property belonging to persons, or chapels which are unguarded, deserve a more severe penalty than thieves, and a less severe one than sacrilegious persons. Therefore, careful consideration should be given to what is sacred, and to any acts which may be included in the crime of sacrilege. 2Labeo, in the Thirty-eighth Book of his Last Works, defines peculation to be the theft of public or sacred money, not made by him at whose risk it was at the time; and therefore the guardian of a temple, to whom property of this kind has been entrusted, does not commit peculation. 3In the same chapter, lower down, he says that not only the appropriation of public money, but also that of money belonging to private individuals, constitutes the offence of peculation, when anyone receives funds due to the Treasury pretending that he is the creditor of the latter; even though he may have taken, as his own, money belonging to a private person. 4He, also, who receives money for the purpose of transportation, or anyone else who assumes responsibility for money, does not commit peculation. 5The Senate ordered that those should be liable under the law against peculation who, without the order of the official in charge, permitted the examination and copying of public registers. 6He, also, who retains any public money destined for a certain use and does not employ it for that purpose is liable under this law; so Labeo says in the Thirty-eighth Book of his Last Works. Anyone who, departing from the province where he has held office, renders an account to the Treasury of the money remaining in his hands, and holds it, is not liable to an action to recover the balance, for the reason that he is a private individual indebted to the Treasury, and therefore should be classed among debtors; and he who is invested with authority can collect it from him, either by seizing his property, arresting him, or imposing a fine; but the Julian Law orders that, after the lapse of a year, this money shall be classed as a balance due.

12Mar­cia­nus li­bro pri­mo iu­di­cio­rum pu­bli­co­rum. Hac le­ge te­ne­tur, qui in ta­bu­lis pu­bli­cis mi­no­rem pe­cu­niam, quam quid ven­ie­rit aut lo­ca­ve­rit, scrip­se­rit aliud­ve quid si­mi­le com­mi­se­rit. 1Di­vus Se­ve­rus et An­to­ni­nus quen­dam cla­ris­si­mum iu­ve­nem, cum in­ven­tus es­set ar­cu­lam in tem­plum po­ne­re ibi­que ho­mi­nem in­clu­de­re, qui post clu­sum tem­plum de ar­ca ex­iret et de tem­plo mul­ta sub­tra­he­ret et se in ar­cu­lam ite­rum re­fer­ret, con­vic­tum in in­su­lam de­por­ta­ve­runt.

12Marcianus, Public Prosecutions, Book I. He is liable under this law who enters upon the public registers a smaller amount than the proceeds of a sale or a lease, or who commits any other offence of this kind. 1The Divine Severus and Antoninus, having ascertained that a young man of very illustrious lineage had a small chest placed in a temple, and, after the temple was closed, emerged out of the chest and stole many things belonging to the temple, and afterwards again shut himself up in the chest, deported him to an island, after his conviction.

13Ul­pia­nus li­bro se­xa­gen­si­mo oc­ta­vo ad edic­tum. Qui per­fo­ra­ve­rit mu­ros vel in­de ali­quid abs­tu­le­rit, pe­cu­la­tus ac­tio­ne te­ne­tur.

13Ulpianus, On the Edict, Book LXVIII. Anyone who perforates the wall of a temple, or steals anything by this means, is liable to the action for peculation.

14Mar­cel­lus li­bro vi­cen­si­mo quin­to di­ges­to­rum. Pe­cu­la­tus ne­qua­quam com­mit­ti­tur, si ex­igam ab eo pe­cu­niam, qui et mi­hi et fis­co de­bet: non enim pe­cu­nia fis­ci in­ter­ci­pi­tur, quae de­bi­to­ri eius au­fer­tur, sci­li­cet quia ma­net de­bi­tor fis­ci ni­hi­lo mi­nus.

14Marcellus, Digest, Book XXV. I am by no means guilty of peculation if I collect money from someone who is indebted to me as well as to the Treasury; for the money which I receive from the debtor of the Treasury is not misappropriated by me, because he still remains indebted to the Treasury.

15Mo­des­ti­nus li­bro se­cun­do de poe­nis. Is, qui prae­dam ab hos­ti­bus cap­tam sub­ri­puit, le­ge pe­cu­la­tus te­ne­tur et in qua­dru­plum dam­na­tur.

15Modestinus, On Punishments, Book II. He who steals booty taken from the enemy is liable under the law relating to peculation, and shall be sentenced to pay quadruple damages.

16Pa­pi­nia­nus li­bro tri­gen­si­mo sex­to quaes­tio­num. Pu­bli­ca iu­di­cia pe­cu­la­tus et de re­si­duis et re­pe­tun­da­rum si­mi­li­ter ad­ver­sus he­redem ex­er­cen­tur, nec in­me­ri­to, cum in his quaes­tio prin­ci­pa­lis ab­la­tae pe­cu­niae mo­vea­tur.

16Papinianus, Questions, Book XXXVI. Public prosecutions for peculation, as well as those for appropriating balances, and for extortion, can also be brought against an heir; and this is not unreasonable, as the principle question involved has reference to the stolen money.