De termino moto
(Concerning the removal of boundaries.)
1 Modestinus libro octavo regularum. Terminorum avulsorum non multa pecuniaria est, sed pro condicione admittentium coercitione transigendum.
1 Modestinus, Rules, Book VIII. The penalty for the removal of boundaries is not a pecuniary fine, but should be regulated according to the social position of the guilty parties.
2 Callistratus libro tertio de cognitionibus. Divus Hadrianus in haec verba rescripsit: ‘Quin pessimum factum sit eorum, qui terminos finium causa positos propulerunt, dubitari non potest. de poena tamen modus ex condicione personae et mente facientis magis statui potest: nam si splendidiores personae sunt, quae convincuntur, non dubie occupandorum alienorum finium causa id admiserunt, et possunt in tempus, ut cuiusque patiatur aetas, relegari, id est si iuvenior, in longius, si senior, recisius. si vero alii negotium gesserunt et ministerio functi sunt, castigari et ad opus biennio dari. quod si per ignorantiam aut fortuito lapides furati sunt, sufficiet eos verberibus decidere’.
2 Callistratus, On Judicial Inquiries, Book III. The Divine Hadrian stated the following in a Rescript. There can be no doubt that those who remove monuments placed to establish boundaries are guilty of a very wicked act. In fixing the penalty, however, its degree should be determined by the rank and intention of the individual who perpetrated the crime, for if persons of eminent rank are convicted, there is no doubt that they committed the act for the purpose of obtaining the land of others, and they can be relegated for a certain time, dependent upon their age; that is to say, if the accused is very young, he should be exiled for a longer time; if he is old, for a shorter time. Where others have transacted their business, and have furnished their services, they shall be chastised and sentenced to hard labor on the public works for two years. If, however, they removed the monuments through ignorance, or accidentally, it will be sufficient to have them whipped.
3 Idem libro quinto de cognitionibus. Lege agraria, quam Gaius Caesar tulit, adversus eos, qui terminos statutos extra suum gradum finesve moverint dolo malo, pecuniaria poena constituta est: nam in terminos singulos, quos eiecerint locove moverint, quinquaginta aureos in publico dari iubet: et eius actionem petitionem ei qui volet esse iubet. 1Alia quoque lege agraria, quam divus Nerva tulit, cavetur, ut, si servus servave insciente domino dolo malo fecerit, ei capital esse, nisi dominus dominave multam sufferre maluerit. 2Hi quoque, qui finalium quaestionum obscurandarum causa faciem locorum convertunt, ut ex arbore arbustum aut ex silva novale aut aliquid eiusmodi faciunt, poena plectendi sunt pro persona et condicione et factorum violentia.
3 The Same, On Judicial Inquiries, Book V. A pecuniary penalty was established by the agrarian law which Gaius Cæsar enacted against those who fraudulently removed monuments beyond their proper place, and the boundaries of their land; for it directed that they should pay to the Public Treasury fifty aurei for every boundary mark which they took out or removed, and that an action should be granted to anyone who desired to bring it. 1By another agrarian law, introduced by the Divine Nerva, it is provided that if a male or female slave, without the knowledge of his or her master, commits this offence with malicious intent, he or she shall be punished with death, unless his or her master or mistress prefers to pay the fine. 2Those, also, who change the appearance of the place in order to render the location of the boundaries obscure, as by making a shrub out of a tree; or plowed land out of a forest; or who do anything else of this kind, shall be punished in accordance with their character and their rank, and the violence with which their acts were committed.