Rem pupilli vel adulescentis salvam fore
(Concerning security for the property of a ward or minor.)
1 Paulus libro vicensimo quarto ad edictum. Cum pupillo rem salvam fore satisdatum sit, agi ex ea tunc potest, cum et tutelae potest.
1 Paulus, On the Edict, Book XXIV. Where security is given that the property of a ward shall be safe, proceedings can be instituted under this stipulation whenever the action on guardianship can be brought.
2 Ulpianus libro septuagensimo nono ad edictum. Si pupillus absens sit vel fari non possit, servus eius stipulabitur: si servum non habeat, emendus ei servus est: sed si non sit unde ematur aut non sit expedita emptio, profecto dicemus servum publicum apud praetorem stipulari debere:
2 Ulpianus, On the Edict, Book LXXIX. If a minor is absent, or cannot speak for himself, his slave can stipulate for him. If he has no slave, one should be bought for him. When, however, there is nothing with which to buy one, or it is not I expedient to do so, we hold that a public slave can certainly stipulate in the presence of the Prætor.
3 Idem libro trigensimo quinto ad edictum. (aut dare aliquem praetor debet, cui caveatur):
3 The Same, On the Edict, Book XXXV. Or the Prætor can appoint someone to whom security can be given.
4 Idem libro septuagensimo nono ad edictum. non quasi ipso iure pupillo adquirat (neque enim adquirit), sed ut utilis actio ex stipulatu pupillo detur. 1Cavetur autem pupillo hac stipulatione per satisdationem. 2Illud sciendum est hac stipulatione teneri tam eum, qui tutor est, quam eum, qui pro tutore negotia gessit vel gerat, et fideiussores eorum. 3Sed enim qui non gessit, omnino non tenebitur: nam nec actio tutelae eum qui non gessit tenet, sed utili actione conveniendus est, quia suo periculo cessavit: et tamen ex stipulatu actione neque ipse neque fideiussores eius tenebuntur. compellendus igitur erit ad administrationem propterea, ut stipulatione quoque ista possit teneri. 4Hanc stipulationem placet finita demum tutela committi et fideiussoribus diem exinde incipere cedere. in curatore aliud est: sed et in eo, qui pro tutore negotia gessit, aliud dicendum est. itaque istae stipulationes, si quidem quis tutor fuit, finita demum tutela committentur: si vero pro tutore negotia gessit, conveniens est dicere, statim atque quaeque res salva non esse coepisset, committi stipulationem. 5Si tutor ab hostibus captus sit, an committatur stipulatio, videamus. movet, quia finita tutela est, licet reciperari speretur: et puto posse agi. 6Generaliter sciendum est: ex quibus causis diximus tutelae agi non posse, ex isdem causis ne ex stipulatu rem salvam fore agi posse dicendum est. 7Si quis curator datus non gesserit curam, consequens erit dicere stipulationem non committi: sed eadem hic erunt dicenda, quae in tutore diximus, illo secus, quod haec stipulatio statim, atque quid salvum esse desinit, committitur et fideiussoribus dies cedit: sed in se revolvitur. 8Pertinet autem haec stipulatio ad omnes curatores sive puberibus sive impuberibus datos propter aetatis infirmitatem, sive prodigis vel furiosis vel quibusdam aliis (ut fieri adsolet) dati sint.
4 The Same, On the Edict, Book LXXIX. Such a slave does not acquire for the minor by operation of law, for he does not acquire; but a prætorian action based on the stipulation may be granted to the minor. 1A guarantee, however, is given to the minor under this stipulation, by means of the security. 2It should be remembered that not only the guardian is bound by this stipulation, but also he who transacts the business in the place of the guardian, as well as their sureties. 3He, however, who has not transacted the business will not be liable, for an action on guardianship cannot be brought against one who has not administered it; but he should be sued in a prætorian action, because he withdrew at his own risk, and still, neither he himself nor his sureties, will be liable in a suit based on the stipulation. Therefore, he should be compelled to undertake the management of the trust, in order that he may be rendered liable under the stipulation. 4It is decided that this stipulation becomes operative when the guardianship terminates, and that then the sureties begin to be liable. The rule is different with reference to a curator. It is also different where someone has transacted the business in the place of a guardian. Therefore, stipulations of this kind, where there is a guardian, become operative when the guardianship comes to an end, but where anyone acting as a guardian has administered the trust, it is proper to hold that as soon as the estate begins to be insecure the stipulation will become operative. 5When a guardian is captured by the enemy, let us see whether the stipulation will become operative. A difficulty arises in this case, because the guardianship is terminated, although there is a prospect that it may be renewed. I think that the action can be brought. 6Generally speaking, it should be remembered that, for whatever reasons we have stated that an action on guardianship cannot be brought, it can be said for the same reasons that one can be brought under the terms of the stipulation, in order to preserve the property of the ward. 7If anyone, who has been appointed curator, should not administer the curatorship, the result will be that it must be said that the stipulation does not take effect; but, in this instance, what we stated with reference to a guardian should be repeated, with this difference, however, that the stipulation will take effect as soon as any of the property ceases to be secure, and the sureties will become liable, and the right of action will be revived. 8This stipulation has reference to all curators, whether they are appointed for children arrived at puberty, or for such as have not reached that age, or whether they have been appointed for spendthrifts, insane persons, or any others for whom this is ordinarily done.
5 Paulus libro septuagensimo sexto ad edictum. Si filius, qui in potestate furiosi erit, rem salvam fore stipuletur, adquirit patri obligationes.
5 Paulus, On the Edict, Book LXXVI. If a son, who is under the control of an insane person, stipulates for the preservation of his property, he acquires an obligation for his father.
6 Gaius libro vicensimo septimo ad edictum provinciale. Servum pupilli stipulari ita necesse est, si pupillus abest aut fari non potest: nam si praesens sit et fari potest, etiamsi eius aetatis erit, ut non intellegat quid agat, tamen propter utilitatem receptum est recte eum stipulari.
6 Gaius, On the Provincial Edict, Book XXVII. The slave of a minor must stipulate, if the minor is absent, or cannot speak for himself. For if he is present, and can speak for himself, although he may be of such an age that he is incapable of understanding what he is doing; still, on account of the advantage resulting, it has been decided that he can legally stipulate, and act.
7 Modestinus libro sexto regularum. Dativus vel testamentarius tutor sive curator non petet satis a collega suo, sed offerre ei poterit, utrum satis accipere velit an dare.
7 Modestinus, Rules, Book VI. A testamentary guardian or curator does not demand security from his colleague, but he can give him the choice of either receiving or giving security.
8 Ulpianus libro secundo ad edictum. Et si ad species curator datus sit, rem salvam fore stipulatio interponetur.
8 Ulpianus, On the Edict, Book II. Although a curator is appointed for certain specific purposes, a stipulation for the preservation of the property may be interposed.
9 Pomponius libro quinto decimo ad Sabinum. Cum pupillus a tutore stipulatur rem salvam fore, non solum quae in patrimonio habet, sed etiam quae in nominibus sunt ea stipulatione videntur contineri: quod enim in tutelae iudicium venit, hoc et ea stipulatione continetur.
9 Pomponius, On Sabinus, Book XV. Where a ward stipulates with his guardian that his property shall remain secure, not only his patrimony, but also any credits, are considered to be included in the stipulation; for whatever can become the subject of an action on guardianship is embraced in this agreement.
10 Africanus libro tertio quaestionum. Si, posteaquam pupillus ad pubertatem pervenerit, tutor in restituenda tutela aliquamdiu moram fecerit, certum est et fructuum nomine et usurarum medii temporis tam fideiussores eius quam ipsum teneri.
10 Africanus, Questions, Book III. If, after a ward has arrived at the age of puberty, his guardian should be in default for some time in rendering an account of his administration, it is certain that, so far as the profits and interest of the intermediate time are concerned, he, as well as his sureties, will be liable.
11 Neratius libro quarto membranarum. Cum rem salvam fore pupillo cavetur, committitur stipulatio, si, quod ex tutela dari fieri oportet, non praestetur: nam et si salva ei res sit, ob id non est, quia, quod ex tutela dari fieri oportet, non solvitur.
11 Neratius, Parchments, Book IV. When security is furnished to a ward for the preservation of his property, the stipulation will become operative if anything which should be given or done on account of the guardianship is not executed. For although the property itself may be secure, it is not so where something which should be paid or done on account of the guardianship is not carried into effect.
12 Papinianus libro duodecimo quaestionum. Si plures fideiussores a tutore pupillo dati sunt, non esse eum distringendum, sed in unum dandam actionem ita, ut ei, qui conveniretur, actiones praestarentur. nec quisquam putaverit ab iure discessum, postquam pro ea parte placuit tutores condemnari, quam administraverunt, et ita demum in solidum, si res a ceteris non servetur et idonea culpa detegatur, quod suspectum facere supersederit: nam aequitas arbitri atque officium viri boni videtur eam formam iuris desiderasse. ceterum fideiussores civiliter in solidum obligati ceteris quidem agentibus, ut dividatur actio, impetrare possunt: pupillo vero agente, qui non ipse contraxit, sed in tutorem incidit et ignorat omnia, beneficium dividendae actionis iniuriam habere visum est, ne ex una tutelae causa plures ac variae quaestiones apud diversos iudices constituerentur.
12 Papinianus, Questions, Book XII. Where several sureties have been given by a guardian to his ward, no distinction should be made, but an action can be granted against any one of them, so that the rights of action can be assigned to the one against whom suit is brought. Nor should it be thought that this is a violation of the rule of law which says that guardians shall have judgment rendered against them in proportion to the share of the estate which each has administered; and that they can only be sued for the entire amount where the property has not been cared for by the others; and where they are proved to have failed to accuse one of their number of being liable to suspicion. For the equity of the judge, as well as the duty of a good citizen, appear to have required this provision of the law. Moreover, those sureties who are civilly liable in full, when the others proceed against them, can ask that the action be divided; but when the ward brings suit, if he himself did not make the contract, and he is in the hands of his guardian, and is ignorant of everything, the benefit of dividing the action would appear to be productive of injury; as, under a single guardianship, many dissimilar questions may be presented to different judges for their decision.