Qui sine manumissione ad libertatem perveniunt
(Concerning slaves who obtain their freedom without manumission.)
1 Paulus libro quinto ad Plautium. Si servus venditus est, ut intra certum tempus manumitteretur, etiamsi sine herede decessissent et venditor et emptor, servo libertas competit: et hoc divus Marcus rescripsit. sed et si mutaverit venditor voluntatem, nihilo minus libertas competit.
1 Paulus, On Plautius, Book V. Whenever a slave is sold on condition of being manumitted within a specified time, even if the vendor and the purchaser should both die without leaving any heirs, he will be entitled to his freedom. This the Divine Marcus stated in a Rescript. Even though the vendor should change his mind, the slave will, nevertheless, become free.
2 Modestinus libro sexto regularum. Servo, quem pro derelicto dominus ob gravem infirmitatem habuit, ex edicto divi Claudii competit libertas.
2 Modestinus, Rules, Book VI. By an Edict of the Divine Claudius, a slave who has been abandoned by his master on account of some serious infirmity will be entitled to his freedom.
3 Callistratus libro tertio de cognitionibus. Eum, qui ita venit, ut intra tempus manumitteretur, cum dies praestandae libertatis venerit vivente venditore et perseverante in eadem voluntate, perinde haberi, ac si ab eo, a quo debuit manumitti, manumissus esset: mortuo autem venditore non esse heredum eius voluntatem explorandam divus Marcus cum filio suo rescripsit.
3 Callistratus, On Judicial Inquiries, Book III. Where a slave has been sold on condition of being manumitted within a certain time, and the day appointed for Eis freedom arrives during the lifetime of the vendor, and the latter has not changed his mind, the result is that the slave will be manumitted, just as if this had been done by the person who should have liberated him; but if the vendor should be dead, the Divine Marcus and his son stated in a Rescript that it was not necessary to obtain the consent of his heirs.
4 Ulpianus libro tertio ad Sabinum. Ei, qui hac lege emptus sit, ut a vivo emptore manumittatur, statim mortuo eo competit libertas.
4 Ulpianus, On Sabinus, Book III. When a slave is sold under the condition that he shall be manumitted during the lifetime of the purchaser, when the latter dies, he will immediately be entitled to his freedom.
5 Marcianus libro quinto regularum. Qui ob necem detectam domini praemium libertatis consequitur, fit orcinus libertus.
5 Marcianus, Rules, Book V. Where a slave has obtained his freedom as a reward for detecting the murderer of his master, he will become the freedman of the deceased.
6 Idem libro singulari ad formulam hypothecariam. Si quis obligatum servum hac lege emerit, ut manumittat, competit libertas ex constitutione divi marci, licet bona omnia quis obligaverit, quae habet habiturusve esset. tantundem dicendum est et si hac lege emerit, ne prostituatur, et prostituerit.
6 The Same, On the Hypothecary Formula. If anyone purchases a slave, who has been hypothecated, under the condition that he will manumit him, the slave will be entitled to his freedom under the Constitution of the Divine Marcus, even though the vendor may have hypothecated all the property which he had then, or might acquire in the future. The same must be said if he buys a female slave on condition of not subjecting her to prostitution, and he prostitutes her.
7 Paulus libro singulari de libertatibus dandis. Imperator noster cum patre suo constituit in eo, qui, cum possit abducere prostitutam ancillam, pecunia accepta manus iniectionem vendidit, ut libera esset: nihil enim interesse, ipse abducas et prostituas an patiaris prostitutam esse pretio accepto, cum possis eximere.
7 Paulus, On Grants of Freedom. Our Emperor and his Father decided that a female slave would become free if the person in possession of her could have kept her from prostitution, but sold his right over her for money; as there is no difference whether you lead her astray and prostitute her, or whether you permit this to be done, and receive money therefor, when you can prevent it.
8 Papinianus libro nono responsorum. Mancipia mater filiae donaverat, ut filia curaret ea post mortem suam esse libera: cum donationis legi non esset obtemperatum, ex sententia constitutionis divi Marci libertates optingere matre consentiente respondi: quod si ante filiam mater vita decessit, omnimodo.
8 Papinianus, Opinions, Book IX. A mother gave certain slaves to her daughter, under the condition that she would see that they became free after her death. As the condition of the donation was not complied with, I gave it as my opinion that, according to the spirit of the Constitution of the Divine Marcus, the slaves obtained their liberty with the consent of the mother, and that if she should die before her daughter, they would be entitled to their freedom unconditionally.
9 Paulus libro quinto quaestionum. Latinus Largus: vendidit ancillam ita, ut manumitteretur, non addito tempore: quaero, quando ex constitutione incipit ei libertas competere cessante emptore in manumittendo. respondi: inspiciendum est, quid actum sit, utrum, cum primum potuisset, ut manumitteret, an ut in potestate esset emptoris, quando vellet manumittere. priore casu facile tempus deprehendi poterit: posteriore utique moriente emptore competit libertas. si non appareat, quid convenerit, favor priorem inducet opinionem, id est ut intra duos menses, si ambo praesto sunt tam servus quam emptor eius: servo enim absente nisi emptor intra quattuor menses imposuerit libertatem, ex constitutionibus ad libertatem eripitur.
9 Paulus, Questions, Book V. Latinus Largus sold a female slave under the condition that she should be manumitted, but did not mention any time when this must be done. I ask when she would be entitled to freedom, by virtue of the constitution, if the purchaser failed to manumit her? I answered that the understanding of the parties ought to be considered, whether the purchaser must manumit her as soon as he could, or whether it was in his power to liberate her whenever he chose to do so. In the first instance, the time can easily be determined; in the last, she will be entitled to her freedom at the death of the purchaser. If what was agreed upon is not apparent, the favor conceded to liberty will cause the first opinion to be accepted; that is to say, the slave will be entitled to her freedom within two months, if both the slave and her purchaser are present; but if the slave should be absent, unless the purchaser gives her her freedom within four months, she will obtain it by virtue of the Imperial Constitutions.