Corpus iurisprudentiae Romanae

Repertorium zu den Quellen des römischen Rechts

Digesta Iustiniani Augusti

Recognovit Mommsen (1870) et retractavit Krüger (1928)
Convertit in Anglica lingua Scott (1932)
Dig. IV5,
De capite minutis
Liber quartus
V.

De capite minutis

(Concerning the Change of Condition.)

1Gaius li­bro quar­to ad edic­tum pro­vin­cia­le. Ca­pi­tis mi­nutio est sta­tus per­mu­ta­tio.

1Gaius, On the Provincial Edict, Book IV. Capitis Minutio is a change of condition.

2Ul­pia­nus li­bro duo­de­ci­mo ad edic­tum. Per­ti­net hoc edic­tum ad eas ca­pi­tis de­mi­nutio­nes, quae sal­va ci­vi­ta­te con­tin­gunt. ce­te­rum si­ve amis­sio­ne ci­vi­ta­tis si­ve li­ber­ta­tis amis­sio­ne con­tin­gat ca­pi­tis de­mi­nutio, ces­sa­bit edic­tum ne­que pos­sunt hi pe­ni­tus con­ve­ni­ri: da­bi­tur pla­ne ac­tio in eos, ad quos bo­na per­ve­ne­runt eo­rum. 1Ait prae­tor: ‘Qui quae­ve, post­ea­quam quid cum his ac­tum con­trac­tum­ve sit, ca­pi­te de­mi­nu­ti de­mi­nu­tae es­se di­cen­tur, in eos eas­ve per­in­de, qua­si id fac­tum non sit, iu­di­cium da­bo’. 2Hi qui ca­pi­te mi­nuun­tur ex his cau­sis, quae ca­pi­tis de­mi­nutio­nem prae­ces­se­runt, ma­nent ob­li­ga­ti na­tu­ra­li­ter: ce­te­rum si post­ea, im­pu­ta­re quis si­bi de­be­bit cur con­tra­xe­rit, quan­tum ad ver­ba hu­ius edic­ti per­ti­net. sed in­ter­dum, si con­tra­ha­tur cum his post ca­pi­tis de­mi­nutio­nem, dan­da est ac­tio: et qui­dem si ad­ro­ga­tus sit, nul­lus la­bor: nam per­in­de ob­li­ga­bi­tur ut fi­lius fa­mi­lias. 3Ne­mo de­lic­tis ex­ui­tur, quam­vis ca­pi­te mi­nu­tus sit. 4Ei, qui de­bi­to­rem suum ad­ro­ga­vit, non re­sti­tui­tur ac­tio in eum, post­quam sui iu­ris fiat. 5Hoc iu­di­cium per­pe­tuum est et in he­redes et he­redi­bus da­tur.

2Ulpianus, On the Edict, Book XII. This Edict has reference to such changes of condition as happen without affecting the rights of citizenship. But where a change of condition takes place either through loss of citizenship or of freedom, the Edict will not apply, and such persons cannot, under any circumstances, be sued, but it is clear that an action will be granted against those into whose hands their property has passed. 1The Prætor says: “If any man or woman is said to have suffered the loss of civil rights after having performed some act, or made some contract, I will permit an action to be brought against him or her, just as if such change of condition had not occurred.” 2Those whose condition has been changed remain naturally bound, for the reason which existed before said change took place; but if they arose afterwards, anyone who agrees to pay the said parties money, or enters into a contract with them, will have only himself to blame, so far as relates to the terms of this Edict. Sometimes, however, an action should be granted where a contract is made with them after their change of condition; and, indeed, where the party is arrogated, there is no difficulty, for then he will be liable just like the son of a family. 3No one is exempt from the penalty for crime, even though his civil condition be changed. 4Where a party has arrogated his debtor, his right of action against him will not be restored after he becomes his own master. 5This right of action is perpetual, and is granted both to and against heirs.

3Pau­lus li­bro un­de­ci­mo ad edic­tum. Li­be­ros qui ad­ro­ga­tum pa­ren­tem se­quun­tur pla­cet mi­nui ca­put, cum in alie­na po­tes­ta­te sint et cum fa­mi­liam mu­ta­ve­rint. 1Em­an­ci­pa­to fi­lio et ce­te­ris per­so­nis ca­pi­tis mi­nutio ma­ni­fes­to ac­ci­dit, cum em­an­ci­pa­ri ne­mo pos­sit ni­si in ima­gi­na­riam ser­vi­lem cau­sam de­duc­tus: ali­ter at­que cum ser­vus ma­nu­mit­ti­tur, quia ser­vi­le ca­put nul­lum ius ha­bet id­eo­que nec mi­nui pot­est:

3Paulus, On the Edict, Book XI. It is established that children, when they follow their father who has been arrogated, sustain a loss of civil rights, since they come under the control of another, and change their family. 1A change of condition evidently takes place where a son or other persons are emancipated, since no one can be emancipated without having been first reduced to a fictitious servile condition. The case is entirely different where a slave is manumitted, as a slave enjoys no civil rights whatever, and therefore he cannot change his condition:

4Mo­des­ti­nus li­bro pri­mo pan­dec­ta­rum. ho­die enim in­ci­pit sta­tum ha­be­re.

4Modestinus, Pandects, Book I. For he first begins to have a civil status on the day when he is manumitted.

5Pau­lus li­bro un­de­ci­mo ad edic­tum. Amis­sio­ne ci­vi­ta­tis fit ca­pi­tis mi­nutio, ut in aqua et ig­ni in­ter­dic­tio­ne. 1Qui de­fi­ciunt, ca­pi­te mi­nuun­tur (de­fi­ce­re au­tem di­cun­tur, qui ab his, quo­rum sub im­pe­rio sunt, de­sis­tunt et in hos­tium nu­me­rum se con­fe­runt): sed et hi, quos se­na­tus hos­tes iu­di­ca­vit vel le­ge la­ta: uti­que us­que eo, ut ci­vi­ta­tem amit­tant. 2Nunc re­spi­cien­dum, quae ca­pi­tis de­mi­nutio­ne per­eant: et pri­mo de ea ca­pi­tis de­mi­nutio­ne, quae sal­va ci­vi­ta­te ac­ci­dit, per quam pu­bli­ca iu­ra non in­ter­ver­ti con­stat: nam ma­ne­re ma­gis­tra­tum vel se­na­to­rem vel iu­di­cem cer­tum est.

5Paulus, On the Edict, Book XI. A change of condition takes place by loss of citizenship, as in the case of the interdiction of fire and water. 1Those who desert lose their civil rights, and they are said to desert, who abandon the person under whose command they are, and place themselves in the class of enemies; and this applies to persons whom the Senate declares to be enemies, or renders them such by an enactment to the extent that they forfeit their citizenship. 2It should now be considered what things are lost by a change of civil status; and in the first place, with reference to that loss of condition which happens when citizenship is retained, and by which it is established that a party is not deprived of his public rights; for it is certain that the rank of magistrate, Senator, or judge is preserved.

6Ul­pia­nus li­bro quin­qua­gen­si­mo pri­mo ad Sa­binum. Nam et ce­te­ra of­fi­cia quae pu­bli­ca sunt, in eo non fi­niun­tur: ca­pi­tis enim mi­nutio pri­va­ta ho­mi­nis et fa­mi­liae eius iu­ra, non ci­vi­ta­tis amit­tit.

6Ulpianus, On Sabinus, Book LI. For other public offices are not lost by a person whose status is changed in this way; for a change of status deprives a man of certain private and domestic rights, but it does not deprive him of those of citizenship.

7Pau­lus li­bro un­de­ci­mo ad edic­tum. Tu­te­las et­iam non amit­tit ca­pi­tis mi­nutio ex­cep­tis his, quae in iu­re alie­no per­so­nis po­si­tis de­fe­run­tur. igi­tur tes­ta­men­to da­ti vel ex le­ge vel ex se­na­tus con­sul­to erunt ni­hi­lo mi­nus tu­to­res: sed le­gi­ti­mae tu­te­lae ex duo­de­cim ta­bu­lis in­ter­ver­tun­tur ea­dem ra­tio­ne, qua et he­redi­ta­tes ex­in­de le­gi­ti­mae, quia ad­gna­tis de­fe­run­tur, qui de­si­nunt es­se fa­mi­lia mu­ta­ti. ex no­vis au­tem le­gi­bus et he­redi­ta­tes et tu­te­lae ple­rum­que sic de­fe­run­tur, ut per­so­nae na­tu­ra­li­ter de­sig­nen­tur: ut ec­ce de­fe­runt he­redi­ta­tem se­na­tus con­sul­ta ma­tri et fi­lio. 1In­iu­ria­rum et ac­tio­num ex de­lic­to ve­nien­tium ob­li­ga­tio­nes cum ca­pi­te am­bu­lant. 2Si li­ber­ta­te ad­emp­ta ca­pi­tis de­mi­nutio sub­se­cu­ta sit, nul­li re­sti­tu­tio­ni ad­ver­sus ser­vum lo­cus est, quia nec prae­to­ria iu­ris­dic­tio­ne ita ser­vus ob­li­ga­tur, ut cum eo ac­tio sit: sed uti­lis ac­tio ad­ver­sus do­mi­num dan­da est, ut Iu­lia­nus scri­bit, et ni­si in so­li­dum de­fen­da­tur, per­mit­ten­dum mi­hi est in bo­na quae ha­buit mit­ti. 3Item cum ci­vi­tas amis­sa est, nul­la re­sti­tu­tio­nis ae­qui­tas est ad­ver­sus eum, qui amis­sis bo­nis et ci­vi­ta­te re­lic­ta nu­dus ex­ulat.

7Paulus, On the Edict, Book XI. Ad Dig. 4,5,7 pr.Windscheid: Lehrbuch des Pandektenrechts, 7. Aufl. 1891, Bd. II, § 437, Note 1.A change of condition does not deprive a person of the rights of guardianship; except in those cases where they are given to parties who are subject to the authority of others; and therefore guardians appointed by will, by law, or by a decree of the Senate will still remain such; but legal guardianships based on the law of the Twelve Tables are abrogated, for the same reason as legitimate inheritances, because they are given to agnates who cease to be such when their families are changed. Both inheritances and guardianships based upon new laws are generally so bestowed that the parties who receive them are designated by their natural relations; as, for instance, where decrees of the Senate confer inheritances on mothers and sons. 1Obligations arising from injuries, and actions derived from crimes, follow the individual everywhere. 2Where a party is deprived of freedom, he changes his condition in consequence, and no right of restitution can be granted against a slave, because a slave cannot be bound so as to be liable even in an action under Prætorian jurisdiction; but an equitable action will be granted against his master, as Julianus asserts, and unless he is defended for the entire amount, an order must be granted me to seize the property which he formerly held. 3Likewise, where citizenship is forfeited, there is no justice in admitting restitution against a party who has lost his property, and having left the city, goes into exile stripped of everything.

8Gaius li­bro quar­to ad edic­tum pro­vin­cia­le. Eas ob­li­ga­tio­nes, quae na­tu­ra­lem prae­sta­tio­nem ha­be­re in­tel­le­gun­tur, pa­lam est ca­pi­tis de­mi­nutio­ne non perire, quia ci­vi­lis ra­tio na­tu­ra­lia iu­ra cor­rum­pe­re non pot­est. ita­que de do­te ac­tio, quia in bo­num et ae­quum con­cep­ta est, ni­hi­lo mi­nus du­rat et­iam post ca­pi­tis de­mi­nutio­nem,

8Gaius, On the Provincial Edict, Book IV. Those obligations which are understood to be fulfilled in accordance with natural law, it is evident cannot be lost by a change of condition, because no civil rule can destroy natural rights; therefore a right of action for dowry which is founded on what is good and equitable, will still remain unimpaired after a change of condition.

9Pau­lus li­bro un­de­ci­mo ad edic­tum. ut quan­do­que em­an­ci­pa­ta agat.

9Paulus, On the Edict, Book XI. So that a woman, even after she has been emancipated, may bring suit.

10Mo­des­ti­nus li­bro oc­ta­vo dif­fe­ren­tia­rum. Le­ga­tum in an­nos sin­gu­los vel men­ses sin­gu­los re­lic­tum, vel si ha­bi­ta­tio le­ge­tur, mor­te qui­dem le­ga­ta­rii le­ga­tum in­ter­ci­dit, ca­pi­tis de­mi­nutio­ne ta­men in­ter­ve­nien­te per­se­ve­rat: vi­de­li­cet quia ta­le le­ga­tum in fac­to po­tius quam in iu­re con­sis­tit.

10Modestinus, Differences, Book VIII. Where a legacy is left to be paid every year, or every month, or a legacy of habitation is bequeathed, it is extinguished by the death of the legatee; but where there is a change of condition it continues without interruption, for the reason that a legacy of this kind is rather dependent upon fact than upon law.

11Pau­lus li­bro se­cun­do ad Sa­binum. Ca­pi­tis de­mi­nutio­nis tria ge­ne­ra sunt, ma­xi­ma me­dia mi­ni­ma: tria enim sunt quae ha­be­mus, li­ber­ta­tem ci­vi­ta­tem fa­mi­liam. igi­tur cum om­nia haec amit­ti­mus, hoc est li­ber­ta­tem et ci­vi­ta­tem et fa­mi­liam, ma­xi­mam es­se ca­pi­tis de­mi­nutio­nem: cum ve­ro amit­ti­mus ci­vi­ta­tem, li­ber­ta­tem re­ti­ne­mus, me­diam es­se ca­pi­tis de­mi­nutio­nem: cum et li­ber­tas et ci­vi­tas re­ti­ne­tur, fa­mi­lia tan­tum mu­ta­tur, mi­ni­mam es­se ca­pi­tis de­mi­nutio­nem con­stat.

11Paulus, On Sabinus, Book II. There are three kinds of changes of condition, the greatest, the intermediate, and the least; as there are three conditions, which we may have, namely, those of freedom, citizenship, and family. Therefore, when we lose all of these, that is to say freedom, citizenship, and family, the greatest change of condition ensues; but where we lose citizenship and retain freedom, intermediate loss of condition occurs; and when freedom and citizenship are retained, and only the family position is altered, it is established that the least change of condition takes place.