De gradibus et adfinibus et nominibus eorum
(Concerning the degrees of relationship and affinity and their different names.)
1 Gaius libro octavo ad edictum provinciale. Gradus cognationis alii superioris ordinis sunt, alii inferioris, alii ex transverso sive a latere. superioris ordinis sunt parentes. inferioris liberi. ex transverso sive a latere fratres et sorores liberique eorum. 1Sed superior quidem et inferior cognatio a primo gradu incipit, ex transverso sive a latere nullus est primus gradus et ideo incipit a secundo. itaque in primo gradu cognationis superioris quidem et inferioris ordinis cognati possunt concurrere, ex transverso vero numquam eo gradu quisquam concurrere potest. at in secundo et tertio et deinceps in ceteris possunt etiam ex transverso quidam concurrere et cum superioris ordinis cognatis. 2Sed admonendi sumus, si quando de hereditate vel bonorum possessione quaeramus, non semper eos, qui eiusdem gradus sint, concurrere. 3Primo gradu sunt supra pater mater. infra filius filia. 4Secundo gradu sunt supra avus avia. infra nepos neptis. ex transverso frater soror. 5Tertio gradu sunt supra proavus proavia. infra pronepos proneptis. ex transverso fratris sororisque filius filia: et convenienter patruus amita, avunculus matertera. 6Quarto gradu sunt supra abavus abavia. infra abnepos abneptis. ex transverso fratris sororisque nepos neptis: et convenienter patruus magnus amita magna (id est avi frater et soror), avunculus magnus matertera magna (id est aviae frater et soror): item fratres patrueles sorores patrueles (id est qui quaeve ex duobus fratribus progenerantur), item consobrini consobrinaeque (id est qui quaeve ex duabus sororibus nascuntur, quasi consororini), item amitini amitinae (id est qui quaeve ex fratre et sorore propagantur). sed fere vulgus omnes istos communi appellatione consobrinos vocant. 7Quinto gradu sunt supra atavus atavia. infra adnepos adneptis. ex transverso fratris et sororis pronepos proneptis: et convenienter propatruus et proamita (id est proavi frater et soror), proavunculus et promatertera (id est proaviae frater et soror): item fratris patruelis sororis patruelis filius filia, et similiter consobrini consobrinae, item amitini amitinae filius filia: propior sobrino propior sobrina (isti sunt patrui magni amitae magnae, avunculi magni materterae magnae filius filia),
1 Gaius, On the Provincial Edict, Book VIII. The degrees of relationship are, some of them, in the ascending, and some of them in the descending line, or in the collateral line. Those in the direct ascending line are parents; those in the direct descending line are children; those in the collateral line are brothers and sisters and their children. 1Relationship in the direct ascending and descending lines begins with the first degree, but in the collateral line there is no first degree, and therefore it begins with the second. Hence cognates in the first degree of the direct ascending and descending lines can share equally with one another; but no one can do this in the collateral line in this degree, but in the second and third degrees, and in those which follow, the collateral heirs can share with one another, and sometimes even with those of a higher degree. 2We should, however, remember, whenever we consider the questions relating to inheritance or to the prætorian possession of an estate, that those who belong to the same degree do not always share equally with one another. 3Heirs who are first in the ascending line are the father and the mother; those first in the descending line are the son and the daughter. 4Those first in the second degree of the direct ascending line are the grandfather and the grandmother; those first in the direct descending line are the grandson and the grandfather; those first in the collateral line are the brother and the sister. 5Those first in the third degree in the direct ascending line are the great-grandfather and the great-grandmother; those first in the descending line are the great-grandson and the great-granddaughter; those first in the collateral line are the son and the daughter of the brother and the sister, and, next in order, the paternal uncle and the paternal aunt, the maternal uncle and the maternal aunt. 6In the fourth degree of the direct ascending line are the great-great-grandfather and the great-great-grandmother, in the direct descending line the great-great-grandson and the great-great-granddaughter; in the collateral line the grandson and the granddaughter of the brother and the sister, and, in their order, the great-paternal uncle and the great paternal aunt, that is to say, the brother and sister of the grandfather; the great maternal uncle and the great maternal aunt, that is to say, the brother and sister of the grandmother; likewise, the brothers and sisters of the great maternal uncle, that is to say, children both male and female descended from two brothers; also the children both male and female, born of two sisters; and children of both sexes, the issue of a brother and a sister. All of these are known under the common appellation of first cousins. 7In the fifth degree of the direct ascending line are the great-great-great-grandfather and the great-great-great-grandmother; in the direct descending line the great-great-great-grandson and the great-great-great-granddaughter; in the collateral line the great-grandson and the great-granddaughter of the brother and the sister; and, in the same order, the great-great paternal uncle and the great-great paternal aunt, that is to say, the brother and sister of the great-grandfather, and the great-great-maternal uncle and the great-great-maternal aunt, that is to say, the brother and sister of the great-grandmother; also the son and daughter of male cousins, and the son and daughter of female cousins, likewise other male and female cousins and the sons and daughters of the latter on both sides, and those of both sexes and are next to cousins in degree; these being the sons and daughters of the great paternal uncle and the great paternal aunt and the great maternal uncle and the great maternal aunt:
2 Ulpianus libro quadragensimo sexto ad edictum. hoc est patris eius, de cuius cognatione quaeritur, consobrinus consobrina sive frater patruelis.
2 Ulpianus, On the Edict, Book XLVI. That is to say the male and female cousins of the father of him whose relationship is in question, or the children of a father’s brother.
3 Gaius libro octavo ad edictum provinciale. Sexto gradu sunt supra triavus triavia. infra trinepos trineptis. ex transverso fratris et sororis abnepos abneptis: et convenienter abpatruus abamita (id est abavi frater et soror), abavunculus abmatertera (id est abaviae frater et soror): item patrui magni amitae magnae, avunculi magni materterae magnae nepos neptis: item fratris patruelis sororis patruelis, consobrini consobrinae, amitini amitinae nepos neptis: propatrui proamitae, proavunculi promaterterae filius filia. item qui ex fratribus patruelibus aut consobrinis aut amitinis undique propagantur, quae proprie sobrini vocantur. 1In septimo gradu quam multae esse possint personae, ex his quae diximus satis apparet. 2Admonendi tamen sumus parentium liberorumque personas semper duplari: avum enim et aviam tam maternos quam paternos intellegemus, item nepotes neptesque tam ex filio quam ex filia: quam rationem scilicet in omnibus deinceps gradibus supra infraque sequemur.
3 Gaius, On the Provincial Edict, Book VIII. In the sixth degree, in the direct ascending line, are the great-great-great-great-grandfather and the great-great-great-great-grandmother. In the direct descending line are the great-great-great-great-grandson and the great-great-great-great-granddaughter; and in the collateral line, the great-great-grandson and the great-great-granddaughter of the brother and sister; and in their order, the great-great-paternal uncle and the great-great-paternal aunt, that is to say, the brother and sister of the great-great-grandfather; and the great-great-maternal uncle and great-great-maternal aunt, that is to say, the brother and sister of the great-great-grandmother. Likewise, the grandson and the granddaughter of the great paternal uncle, and the great paternal aunt, and of the great maternal uncle and the great maternal aunt. Also, the grandson and the granddaughter of first cousins of both sexes, and the son and the daughter of the great-paternal uncle and the great-paternal aunt, and of the great-maternal uncle and the great maternal aunt; as well as the children of cousins on both sides who are properly called the issue of first cousins. 1It is sufficiently apparent, from what we have said, how many persons there can be in the seventh degree. 2We must also remember that the relatives in the ascending and descending lines must always be doubled; because we understand that there is a grandfather and a grandmother on the maternal as well as the paternal side, as well as grandchildren of both sexes, the children of sons as well as daughters; and this order must be followed in all degrees both ascending and descending.
4 Modestinus libro duodecimo pandectarum. Non facile autem, quod ad nostrum ius attinet, cum de naturale cognatione quaeritur, septimum gradum quis excedit, quatenus ultra eum fere gradum rerum natura cognatorum vitam consistere non patitur. 1Cognati ab eo dici putantur, quod quasi una communiterve nati vel ab eodem orti progenitive sint. 2Cognationis substantia bifariam apud Romanos intellegitur: nam quaedam cognationes iure civili, quaedam naturali conectuntur, nonnumquam utroque iure concurrente et naturali et civili copulatur cognatio. et quidem naturalis cognatio per se sine civili cognatione intellegitur quae per feminas descendit, quae vulgo liberos peperit. civilis autem per se, quae etiam legitima dicitur, sine iure naturali cognatio consistit per adoptionem. utroque iure consistit cognatio, cum iustis nuptiis contractis copulatur. sed naturalis quidem cognatio hoc ipso nomine appellatur: civilis autem cognatio licet ipsa quoque per se plenissime hoc nomine vocetur, proprie tamen adgnatio vocatur, videlicet quae per mares contingit. 3Sed quoniam quaedam iura inter adfines quoque versantur, non alienum est hoc loco de adfinibus quoque breviter disserere. adfines sunt viri et uxoris cognati, dicti ab eo, quod duae cognationes, quae diversae inter se sunt, per nuptias copulantur et altera ad alterius cognationis finem accedit: namque coniungendae adfinitatis causa fit ex nuptiis. 4Nomina vero eorum haec sunt: socer socrus, gener nurus, noverca vitricus, privignus privigna. 5Gradus autem adfinitati nulli sunt. 6Et quidem viri pater uxorisque socer, mater autem eorum socrus appellatur, cum apud Graecos proprie viri pater ἑκυρός, mater vero ἑκυρὰ vocitetur, uxoris autem pater πενθερὸς et mater πενθερὰ vocatur. filii autem uxor nurus, filiae vero vir gener appellatur. uxor liberis ex alia uxore natis noverca dicitur, matris vir ex alio viro natis vitricus appellatur: eorum uterque natos aliunde privignos privignasque vocant. potest etiam sic definiri. socer est uxoris meae pater, ego illius sum gener: socer magnus dicitur uxoris meae avus, ego illius sum progener: et retro pater meus uxoris meae socer est, haec illi nurus: et avus meus uxoris meae socer magnus est, illa illi pronurus. item prosocrus mihi uxoris meae avia est, ego illius sum progener: et retro mater mea uxoris meae socrus est, illa huic nurus: et avia mea uxoris meae socrus magna est et uxor mea illi pronurus est. privignus est uxoris meae filius ex alio viro natus, ego illi sum vitricus: et in contrarium uxor mea liberis, quos ex alia uxore habeo, noverca dicitur, liberi mei illi privigni. viri frater levir. is apud Graecos δαήρ appellatur, ut est apud Homerum relatum: sic enim Helena ad Hectorem dicit: δᾶερ ἐμεῖο κυνὸς κακομηχάνου ὀκρυοέσσης. viri soror glos dicitur, apud Graecos γάλως. duorum fratrum uxores ianitrices dicuntur, apud Graecos εἰνάτερες. quod uno versu idem Homerus significat: ἠέ τινες γαλόων ἢ εἰνατέρων ἐυπέπλων. 7Hos itaque inter se, quod adfinitatis causa parentium liberorumque loco habentur, matrimonio copulari nefas est. 8Sciendum est neque cognationem neque adfinitatem esse posse, nisi nuptiae non interdictae sint, ex quibus adfinitas coniungitur. 9Libertini libertinaeque inter se adfines esse possunt. 10In adoptionem datus aut emancipatus quascumque cognationes adfinitatesque habuit, retinet, adgnationis iura perdit. sed in eam familiam, ad quam per adoptionem venit, nemo est illi cognatus praeter patrem eosve, quibus adgnascitur: adfinis autem ei omnino in ea familia nemo est. 11Is cui aqua et igni interdictum est aut aliquo modo capite deminutus est ita, ut libertatem et civitatem amitteret, et cognationes et adfinitates omnes, quas ante habuit, amittit.
4 Modestinus, Pandects, Book XII. So far as our law is concerned, it is not easy to go beyond the seventh degree, when a question arises with reference to natural relationship, as nature hardly permits the existence of cognates to extend beyond that degree. 1The term “cognates” is thought to be derived from the fact that relatives are descended from one ancestor, or have a common origin or birth. 2Relationship among the Romans is understood to be two fold, for some connections are derived from the Civil and others from Natural Law, and sometimes both coincide, so that the relationship by the Natural and the Civil Law is united. And, indeed, a natural connection can be understood to exist without the civil one, and this applies to a woman who has illegitimate children. Civil relationship, however, which is said to be legal, arises through adoption without Natural Law. Relationship exists under both laws when a union is made by marriage lawfully contracted. Natural relationship is designated by the term cognation; but civil relationship, although it may very properly be designated by the same name, is more accurately styled agnation, which has reference to relationship derived through males. 3As certain special rights exist with reference to persons connected by affinity, it is not foreign to the subject to briefly discuss this connection. Persons related by affinity are the cognates of husband and wife, so called for the reason that two relationships, differing from one another, are joined by marriage, and one is transferred to the other. For affinity is derived from marriage. 4The following are the terms of affinity, father-in-law, mother-in-law, son-in-law, daughter-in-law, stepfather, stepmother, stepson, and stepdaughter. 5There are no degrees of affinity. 6The father of the husband or the wife, is called the father-in-law, and the mother of either of them is called the mother-in-law. Among the Greeks the father of the husband was called hekuros and the mother hekura, the father of the wife was called penveros and the mother penvera. The wife of the son is called the daughter-in-law, the husband of a daughter the son-in-law. A second wife is called the stepmother of children born of a former one; the husband of a mother having children by a former husband is called the stepfather, and children born of either of them are designated stepsons, and stepdaughters; a father-in-law may also be denned as the father of my wife, and I am his son-in-law. The grandfather of my wife is called my grandfather-in-law, and I am his grandson-in-law; on the other hand, my father is the father-in-law of my wife, and she is his daughter-in-law, and my grandfather is her grandfather-in-law, and she is his granddaughter-in-law; likewise, the grandmother of my wife is my grandmother-in-law, and I am her grandson-in-law; and my mother is the mother-in-law of my wife, and she is her daughter-in-law; and my grandmother is her grandmother-in-law, and my wife is her granddaughter-in-law. The stepson of my wife is the son of her former husband, and I am his stepfather; on the other hand, my wife is said to be the stepmother of children whom I have by a former wife, and my children are her stepchildren. The brother of a husband is the brother-in-law of his wife, and is called by the Greeks dayr, as is stated by Homer. The sister of the husband is a sister-in-law of the wife called by the Greeks galos. The wives of two brothers are called sisters-in-law, designated among the Greeks as einateres, which Homer also mentions. 7It is wrong for such persons to contract marriage reciprocally for the reason that, on account of their affinity, they bear the relation of parents and children to one another. 8It must be remembered that neither cognation nor affinity can exist unless the marriage which gives rise to affinity is not forbidden by law. 9Freedmen and freedwomen can become connected with one another by affinity. 10A child given in adoption, or emancipated, retains all the relationship by cognation and affinity which he formerly possessed, but he loses the rights of agnation. But with reference to the family into which he came by adoption, no one is his cognate except his adoptive father, and those to whom he becomes the agnate. No one belonging to the adoptive family is related to him by affinity. 11Anyone who has been interdicted from fire and water, or has lost his civil rights in any way, so as to have forfeited his freedom and his citizenship, also loses all his connections of cognation and affinity which he previously had.
5 Paulus libro sexto ad Plautium. Si filium naturalem emancipavero et alium adoptavero, non esse eos fratres: si filio meo mortuo Titium adoptavero, videri eum defuncti fratrem fuisse Arrianus ait.
5 Paulus, On Plautius, Book VI. If I emancipate my natural son and adopt another, they will not be brothers. Arrianus says that if, after the death of my son, I adopt Titius, he will be considered the brother of the deceased.
6 Ulpianus libro quinto ad legem Iuliam et Papiam. Labeo scribit nepotis ex filia mea nati uxorem nurum mihi esse. 1Generi et nurus appellatione sponsus quoque et sponsa continetur: item socri et socrus appellatione sponsorum parentes contineri videntur.
6 Ulpianus, On the Lex Julia et Papia, Book V. Labeo says that the wife of my grandson, the son of my daughter, is my granddaughter. 1Persons who are betrothed are included in the terms son-in-law and daughter-in-law, likewise the parents of such persons are considered to be included in the terms father-in-law and mother-in-law.
7 Scaevola libro quarto regularum. Privignus etiam is est, qui volgo conceptus ex ea natus est quae postea mihi nupsit, aeque et is qui, cum in concubinatu erat mater eius, natus ex ea est eaque postea alii nupta sit.
7 Scævola, Rules, Book IV. The illegitimate child of a woman whom I afterwards marry is also my stepson, just as is the case with one whose mother formerly lived in concubinage with some man, and was afterwards married to another.
8 Pomponius libro primo enchiridii. Servius recte dicebat socri et socrus et generi et nurus appellationem etiam ex sponsalibus adquiri.
8 Pomponius, Enchiridion, Book I. Servius very properly says that the terms father-in-law and mother-in-law, son-in-law and daughter-in-law, are also derived from betrothal.
9 Paulus libro quarto sententiarum. Στέμματα cognationum directo limite in duas lineas separantur, quarum altera superior, altera inferior: ex superiore autem et secundo gradu transversae lineae pendent, quas omnes latiore tractatu habito in librum singularem conteximus.
9 Paulus, Sentences, Book IV. The direct line of relationship is divided into two parts, one of which is the ascending and the other the descending. Collateral lines are also derived from the ascending line as well as from the second degree. We have explained more fully in a special Book everything which has reference to all these.
10 Idem libro singulari de gradibus et adfinibus et nominibus eorum. Iuris consultus cognatorum gradus et adfinium nosse debet, quia legibus hereditates et tutelae ad proximum quemque adgnatum redire consuerunt: sed et edicto praetor proximo cuique cognato dat bonorum possessionem: praeterea lege iudiciorum publicorum contra adfines et cognatos testimonium inviti dicere non cogimur. 1Nomen cognationis a Graeca voce dictum videtur: συγγενεῖς enim illi vocant, quos nos cognatos appellamus. 2Cognati sunt et quos adgnatos lex duodecim tabularum appellat, sed hi sunt per patrem cognati ex eadem familia: qui autem per feminas coniunguntur, cognati tantum nominantur. 3Proximiores ex adgnatis sui dicuntur. 4Inter adgnatos igitur et cognatos hoc interest quod inter genus et speciem: nam qui est adgnatus, et cognatus est, non utique autem qui cognatus est, et adgnatus est: alterum enim civile, alterum naturale nomen est. 5Non parcimus his nominibus, id est cognatorum, etiam in servis: itaque parentes et filios fratresque etiam servorum dicimus: sed ad leges serviles cognationes non pertinent. 6Cognationis origo et per feminas solas contingit: frater enim est et qui ex eadem matre tantum natus est: nam qui eundem patrem habent, licet diversas matres, etiam adgnati sunt. 7Parentes usque ad tritavum apud Romanos proprio vocabulo nominantur: ulteriores qui non habent speciale nomen maiores appellantur: item liberi usque ad trinepotem: ultra hos posteriores vocantur. 8Sunt et ex lateribus cognati, ut fratres sororesque et ex his prognati: item patrui amitae et avunculi et materterae. 9Nam quotiens quaeritur, quanto gradu quaeque persona sit, ab eo incipiendum est cuius de cognatione quaerimus: et si ex inferioribus aut superioribus gradibus est, recta linea susum versum vel deorsum tendentium facile inveniemus gradus, si per singulos gradus proximum quemque numeramus: nam qui ei, qui mihi proximo gradu est, proximus est, secundo gradu est mihi: similiter enim accedentibus singulis crescit numerus. idem faciendum in transversis gradibus: sic frater secundo gradu est, quoniam patris vel matris persona, per quos coniungitur, prior numeratur. 10Gradus autem dicti sunt a similitudine scalarum locorumve proclivium, quos ita ingredimur, ut a proximo in proximum, id est in eum, qui quasi ex eo nascitur, transeamus. 11Nunc singulos gradus numeramus. 12Primo gradu cognationis sunt susum versum duo pater et mater. deorsum versum duo filius et filia: qui tamen et plures esse possunt. 13Secundo gradu duodecim personae continentur hae. avus, hoc est patris et matris pater. item avia, similiter tam paterna quam materna. frater quoque per utrumque parentem accipitur, id est aut per matrem tantum aut per patrem aut per utrumque, id est ex utroque parente eodem. sed hic numerum non auget, quod nihil differt hic ab eo, qui eundem patrem habet tantum, nisi quod is eosdem cognatos tam paternos quam maternos habet: et ideo evenire solet in his, qui diversis parentibus nati sunt, ut qui meo fratri frater sit meus cognatus non sit. pone me fratrem habere ex eodem tantum patre, illum habere ex eadem matre: illi inter se fratres sunt, mihi alter cognatus non est. soror similiter numeratur ut frater. nepos quoque dupliciter intellegitur ex filio vel filia natus. idem est et in nepte. 14Tertio gradu personae continentur triginta duo. proavus, qui quadrifariter intellegitur: est enim avi paterni aut materni pater, item aviae paternae aut aviae maternae pater. proavia quoque quattuor personas complectitur: est enim aut avi paterni aut aviae paternae mater, item avi materni et similiter aviae maternae mater. patruus, is autem est patris frater et ipse dupliciter intellegendus est ex patre vel matre. avia paterna mea nupsit patri tuo, peperit te, aut avia paterna tua nupsit patri meo, peperit me: ego tibi patruus sum et tu mihi. id evenit, si mulieres altera alterius filio nupserit: nam qui ex his masculi nati fuerint, invicem patrui sunt, quae feminae, invicem amitae, item masculi feminis similiter patrui, feminae illis amitae. si vir et mulier ille filiam eius duxerit, illa filio eius nupserit: qui ex patre adulescentis nati erunt, ex matre puellae natos fratris filios, illi eos patruos et amitas appellabunt. avunculus est matris frater eadem significatione, qua in patruo diximus contigit. si duo viri alter alterius filiam duxerint, qui ex his masculi nati fuerint, invicem avunculi, quae feminae, invicem materterae erunt, et eadem ratione masculi puellis avunculi et illae illis erunt materterae. amita est patris soror sicut supra accipiendi. matertera est matris soror similiter ut supra. illud notandum est non, quemadmodum patris matrisque fratres et sorores patrui amitae, avunculi materterae dicuntur, ita fratris sororisque filios filias nomen speciale cognationis habere, sed ita demonstrari fratris sororisque filios filias: quod quidem et in aliis accidere ex posterioribus apparebit. pronepos quoque et proneptis quadrifariter intelleguntur: aut enim ex nepote ex filio aut ex nepote ex filia descendunt, aut ex nepte ex filio aut ex nepte ex filia propagantur. 15Quarto gradu personae continentur octoginta. abavus, cuius intellectus in octo personas porrigitur: est enim proavi paterni aut materni pater, quos singulos duplici modo intellegendos diximus, aut proaviae paternae aut maternae pater, quae et ipsae singulae dupliciter accipiuntur. abavia: et haec octies numeratur: est enim proavi paterni aut materni, item proaviae paternae aut maternae mater. patruus magnus est frater avi: qui avus, item frater cum duobus modis intelleguntur, quattuor personas hoc nomen amplectitur, ut sit avi paterni vel materni frater, qui vel eodem patre, id est proavo, vel tantum matre eadem, id est proavia natus est: qui autem mihi patruus magnus est, is patri meo vel matri meae patruus est. amita magna est avi soror: avus autem, item soror, ut supra diximus, dupliciter intelleguntur et ideo hic quoque quattuor personas intellegimus: similiter quae patris mei vel matris meae amita est, mihi erit amita magna. avunculus magnus est aviae frater: quattuor personae huic nomini eadem ratione subiectae sunt mihique is est avunculus magnus, qui patri meo vel matri meae avunculus est. matertera magna est aviae soror: quattuor modis et haec ob eandem causam intellegitur: ea, quae patri meo vel matri meae matertera est, mihi matertera magna vocatur. eodem gradu sunt et illi qui vocantur fratres patrueles, item sorores patrueles, amitini amitinae, consobrini consobrinae: hi autem sunt, qui ex fratribus vel sororibus nascuntur. quos quidam ita distinxerunt, ut eos quidem, qui ex fratribus nati sunt, fratres patrueles, item eas, quae ex fratribus natae sunt, sorores patrueles: ex fratre autem et sorore amitinos amitinas: eos vero et eas, qui quaeve ex sororibus nati nataeve sunt, consobrinos consobrinas quasi consororinos: sed plerique hos omnes consobrinos vocant, sicut Trebatius. sub hac appellatione nominum personae cadunt sedecim hae. patrui filius, item filia bifariam sicut supra numerantur (nam patris mei frater esse potest vel ex patre solo vel etiam ex matre sola): amitae filius, item filia: avunculi filius, item filia: materterae filius, item filia, amita avunculo matertera acceptis duplici intellectu secundum eandem rationem. fratris sororisque nepos ac neptis eodem gradu sunt: sed et frater, item soror, neposve et neptis dupliciter accepti continebunt personas sedecim sic. fratris eodem patre nati nepos ex filio nepos ex filia fratris eadem matre, alio patre nati nepos ex filio nepos ex filia fratris eodem patre nati neptis ex filio neptis ex filia fratris alio patre eadem matre nati neptis ex filio neptis ex filia eademque causa octo personae efficient, ut aliae octo accedunt ex sorore natorum nepotes neptesque et similiter numerantur a nobis. fratris autem mei nepos neptisque me patruum magnum appellant: sororum fratrumque meorum nepotes neptesque, item mei inter se consobrini sunt. abnepos, abneptis: hi sunt pronepotis proneptis filius filia, nepotis neptisve nepos neptis, filii filiaeve pronepos proneptis, nepote vel ex filio nato vel ex filia, nepte vel ex filio nata vel ex filia acceptis, ut ad singulas personas gradu descendamus sic. filius nepos pronepos abnepos filius nepos pronepos abneptis filius nepos proneptis abnepos filius nepos proneptis abneptis filius neptis pronepos abnepos filius neptis pronepos abneptis filius neptis proneptis abnepos filius neptis proneptis abneptis similiter hae personae enumerabuntur proposita filia et sic fient sedecim. 16Quinto gradu personae continentur centum octaginta quattuor. atavus scilicet et atavia: atavus est abavi vel abaviae pater, proavi vel proaviae avus, avi aviaeque proavus, patris vel matris abavus: huius appellatio personas complectitur sedecim, enumeratione facta tam per mares quam per feminas, ut sic ad singulas perveniamus. pater avus proavus abavus atavus pater avus proavus abavia atavus pater avus proavia abavus atavus pater avus proavia abavia atavus pater avia proavus abavus atavus pater avia proavus abavia atavus pater avia proavia abavus atavus pater avia proavia abavia atavus similiter matris persona proposita enumeratio fiet. atavia totidem personas continet eadem ratione numeratas, id est sedecim. patruus maior est proavi frater, patris vel matris patruus magnus: sub hoc nomine erunt personae octo et sic enumerabuntur: pater avus proavus abavus frater proavi pater avus proavus abavia frater proavi pater avia proavus abavus frater proavi pater avia proavus abavia frater proavi totidem erunt matris persona et proavo eius propositis. ideo autem fratrem proavi enumerantes ante abavum ponimus, quod, ut supra significavimus, non aliter pervenietur ad eum de quo quaeritur, nisi per eos transitum erit, ex quibus nascitur. avunculus maior: is est proaviae frater, patris vel matris avunculus magnus: eadem denumeratione hic quoque octo personas computabimus, hoc tantum immutato, ut is frater proaviae ponatur. amita maior: ea est proavi soror, patris vel matris amita magna: quod ad numerum et expositionem personarum eadem erunt immutato hoc, ut proavi soror ad extremum ponatur. matertera maior: haec est soror proaviae, patris vel matris matertera magna: numerus personarum idem est, ut in novissimo ponatur proaviae soror. hos omnes a patruo maiore quos rettulimus quidam appellant ita: propatruus proavunculus, proamita promatertera: quos tamen ego ita nomino, illi contra fratris vel sororis pronepotem me demonstrant. patrui magni filius filia: hi sunt avi fratris filius filia, proavi aut proaviae nepos neptis ex filio, patris vel matris consobrinus consobrina: octo personas et hic computabimus, quod avus et frater, ut iam dictum est, dupliciter accipiuntur et ideo patrui magni filius quattuor implet, totidem filia. amitae magnae filius filia: hi sunt avi sororis filius filia, proavi proaviae nepos neptis ex filia, patris vel matris consobrinus consobrina: numerus personarum idem qui supra. avunculi magni filius filia: hi sunt aviae fratris filius filia, proavi aut proaviae nepos neptis ex filio, patris vel matris consobrinus aut consobrina: numerus idem. materterae magnae filius filia: hi sunt aviae sororis filius filia, proavi proaviae nepos neptis ex filia, patris vel matris consobrinus consobrina: computatio eadem. personae quas enumeravimus a patrui magni filio ei, de cuius cognatione quaeritur, propius sobrinis vocantur: nam, ut Massurius ait, quem quis appellat propiorem sobrino, qui est patris matrisve consobrinus aut consobrina, ab eo consobrini consobrinaeve filius filia nominatur. patrui nepos neptis: hi sunt avi paterni vel aviae paternae pronepos proneptis ex nepote vel ex nepte filio natis, consobrini consobrinae filius filia: octo personas continebunt, quattuor nepos, quattuor neptis, quia et patruus dupliciter accipitur et nepos vel neptis sub singulis patruorum personis duplicatur. amitae nepos vel neptis: hi sunt avi paterni vel aviae paternae pronepos proneptis ex nepote vel nepte filia natis, consobrini consobrinae filius filia: numerus idem est. avunculi nepos neptis: hi sunt avi materni vel aviae maternae pronepos proneptis: cetera eadem, quae in patrui nepote vel nepte. his omnibus, quos a patrui nepote proposuimus, is, de cuius cognatione quaeritur, propius sobrino est: nam patris vel matris eorum consobrinus est. fratris pronepos proneptis: continebunt hi personas sedecim fratre dupliciter et pronepote et pronepte singulis quadrifariam, ut supra demonstravimus, acceptis. sororis pronepos proneptis similiter sedecim personas continent. adnepos adneptis: hi sunt abnepotis vel abneptis filius filia, pronepotis vel proneptis nepos neptis, nepotis vel neptis pronepos proneptis, filii vel filiae abnepos abneptis: numerabuntur sub hac appellatione triginta duo personae, quia abnepos sedecim habet et totidem abneptis. 17Sexto gradu continentur personae quadringentae quadraginta octo hae. tritavus: est autem tritavus patris et matris atavus, avi vel aviae abavus, proavi proaviae proavus, abavi vel abaviae avus, atavi vel ataviae pater, dictus quasi tertius avus: personas autem complectitur triginta duo: geminetur enim necesse est numerus, qui in atavo fuit immutatione per singulas personas propter ataviam facta, ut sedecies tritavus intellegatur atavi pater et totiens ataviae. tritavia similiter numerata faciet personas triginta duo. patruus maximus: is est abavi frater, atavi et ataviae filius, patris vel matris patruus maior: personas continebit sedecim sic. pater avus proavus abavus atavus abavi frater pater avus proavus abavus atavia frater abavi pater avus proavia abavus atavus frater abavi pater avus proavia abavus atavia frater abavi pater avia proavus abavus atavus frater abavi pater avia proavus abavus atavia frater abavi pater avia proavia abavus atavus frater abavi pater avia proavia abavus atavia frater abavi totidem erunt matris appellatione proposita. avunculus maximus: is est abaviae frater, patris vel matris avunculus maior: et numerus idem et personarum expositio eadem quae supra hoc dumtaxat immutato, ut pro abavi fratre abaviae fratrem ponas. amita maxima: ea est abavi soror, patris vel matris amita maior: cetera ut in patruo maximo immutato hoc tantum, ut ubi est abavi frater ponatur abavi soror. matertera maxima: ea est abaviae soror, patris vel matris matertera maior: cetera ut supra ad extremum dumtaxat pro abaviae fratre proposita abaviae sorore. hos omnes, quos a patruo maximo posuimus, quidam his nominibus designant: abpatruus abavunculus, abamita abmatertera: itaque et nos indifferenter hos ponemus. quos ego autem appello abpatruos abavunculos, abamitas abmaterteras, illi me demonstrant fratris sororisque abnepotem. patrui maioris filius filia: hi sunt proavi fratris filius filia, abavi abaviae per proavum nepos neptis ex filio: personae sub hoc erunt sedecim, enumeratione sic ducta ut in quinto gradu, cum patruum maiorem demonstraremus, fecimus, adiecto dumtaxat filio filia, quia filius patrui maioris totidem necesse est personas complectatur, quot patruus maior, id est octo. totidem ex filiae persona computatis is numerus efficietur, quem supra posuimus. amitae maioris filius filia: hi sunt proavi sororis filius filia, abavi abaviae per proavum nepos neptis ex filia: et hic eadem ratione personas dinumerabimus totidem. avunculi maioris filius filia: hi sunt proaviae fratris filius filia, abavi abaviae per proaviam nepos neptis ex filio. eadem hic dinumeratio facienda est, quae in patrui maioris filio filia. materterae maioris filius filia: hi sunt proaviae sororis filius filia, abavi abaviaeve per proaviam nepos neptis ex filia: circa numerum personarum et expositionem ut supra. hi omnes, quos proposuimus a patrui maioris filio, avo [ed. maior aviaeve] <ed. minor aviae> eius, de cuius cognatione quaeritur, fratribus et sororibus eorum consobrini consobrinaeve sunt: at patri matrique eiusdem fratribusque et sororibus utrius eorum propius sobrinis. patrui magni nepos vel neptis, amitae magnae nepos vel neptis, avunculi magni nepos vel neptis, materterae magnae nepos vel neptis: haec singula nomina continent personas sexaginta quattuor: nam cum patrui magni verbi gratia persona quadrifariam intellegatur, nepotis bifariam, geminatur is numerus nepote dumtaxat adnumerato et quadruplatur is qui geminatus erat: duplicatur etiam nepte computata. et tantum unius denumerationem proponimus exempli gratia: pater avus proavus frater avi qui est patruus magnus filius eius nepos eiusdem ex filio item neptis pater avus proavia frater avi qui est patruus magnus filius eius nepos eiusdem ex filio item neptis pater avus proavus frater avi qui est patruus magnus filia eius nepos eiusdem ex filia item neptis pater avus proavia frater avi qui est patruus magnus filia eius nepos eiusdem ex filia item neptis totidem et eadem ratione exponuntur matris nomine anteposito, id est ut avi materni fratris nepotes et neptes computemus. item in amita magna, id est avi sororis, nepotes neptesque enumerabimus: idemque in avunculo magno, id est aviae fratris: eadem ratione in materterae magnae, id est aviae sororis: ex quibus universus numerus completur sexaginta quattuor. hi omnes proavi aut proaviae eius, de cuius cognatione quaeritur, pronepotes et proneptes, eiusdem avi aviaeve fratris sororisve nepotes neptesve: et contra horum eiusdem avus avia patruus magnus amita magna, avunculus magnus matertera magna: erunt autem pater materve eiusdem fratresque et sorores utrius eorum [ed. maior propii] <ed. minor proprii> sobrini: ipse his sobrinus est et invicem huic illi sobrini. patrui pronepos patrui proneptis: continent personas octo: nam utriusque sexus fiunt sedecim sic: pater avus patruus filius patrui nepos eiusdem ex filio pronepos eiusdem ex nepote filio nato item proneptis pater avia patruus filius patrui nepos eiusdem ex filio pronepos ex nepote filio nato item proneptis pater avus patruus filia patrui nepos eiusdem ex filia pronepos ex nepote filia nato et proneptis pater avia patruus filia patrui nepos eius ex filia pronepos ex nepote filia nato item proneptis pater avus patruus filius patrui neptis eiusdem ex filio pronepos ex nepte filio nata item proneptis pater avia patruus filius patrui neptis eiusdem ex filio pronepos ex nepte filio nata item proneptis pater avus patruus filia patrui neptis eiusdem ex filia pronepos ex nepte filia nata item proneptis pater avia patruus filia patrui neptis eiusdem ex filia pronepos ex nepte filia nata item proneptis amitae pronepos proneptis: totidem personas eadem ratione et is continet, tantum pro patruo amita sumpta. item avunculi pronepos proneptis, item pro patruo avunculo posito. materterae pronepos proneptis: et hic ubi patruus positus est, matertera enumerata eundem numerum personarum inveniemus. hi omnes eius, de cuius cognatione quaeritur, consobrinorum nepotes neptesve sunt. fratris sororisque abnepos abneptis: efficiunt personas sexaginta quattuor, ut ex supra scriptis apparere potest. trinepos trineptis: hi sunt filii filiaeve adnepos adneptis, nepotis neptis abnepos abneptis, pronepotis proneptisve pronepos proneptis, abnepotis abneptisve nepos neptisve, adnepotis adneptis filius filia. hae appellationes demonstrant personas sexaginta quattuor, nam triginta duo trinepos complet, totidem trineptis. ab nepote enim numerus quadruplatus in se efficit triginta duo, ipso nepote duas significante, pronepote quattuor, abnepote octo, adnepote sedecim: his accedunt trinepos trineptis, una ex adnepote nati, altera ex adnepte. per singulos autem gradus ideo geminatio fit, quia maribus adiciuntur feminae, ex quibus proximus quisque progenitur, et numerabuntur sic: filius nepos pronepos abnepos adnepos trinepos item trineptis filia nepos pronepos abnepos adnepos trinepos item trineptis filius neptis pronepos abnepos adnepos trinepos item trineptis filia neptis pronepos abnepos adnepos trinepos item trineptis filius nepos proneptis abnepos adnepos trinepos item trineptis filia nepos proneptis abnepos adnepos trinepos item trineptis filius neptis proneptis abnepos adnepos trinepos item trineptis filia neptis proneptis abnepos adnepos trinepos item trineptis filius nepos pronepos adneptis adnepos trinepos item trineptis filia nepos pronepos abneptis adnepos trinepos item trineptis filius nepos proneptis abneptis adnepos trinepos item trineptis filia nepos proneptis abneptis adnepos trinepos item trineptis filius neptis pronepos abneptis adnepos trinepos item trineptis filia neptis pronepos abneptis adnepos trinepos item trineptis filius neptis proneptis abneptis adnepos trinepos item trineptis filia neptis proneptis abneptis atnepos trinepos item trineptis filius nepos pronepos abnepos adneptis trinepos item trineptis filia nepos pronepos abnepos adneptis trinepos item trineptis filius neptis pronepos abnepos adneptis trinepos item trineptis filia neptis pronepos abnepos adneptis trinepos item trineptis filius nepos proneptis abnepos adneptis trinepos item trineptis filia nepos proneptis abnepos adneptis trinepos item trineptis filius neptis proneptis abnepos adneptis trinepos item trineptis filia neptis proneptis abnepos adneptis trinepos item trineptis filius nepos pronepos abneptis adneptis trinepos item trineptis filia nepos pronepos abneptis adneptis trinepos item trineptis filius nepos proneptis abneptis adneptis trinepos item trineptis filia nepos proneptis abneptis adneptis trinepos item trineptis filius neptis pronepos abneptis atneptis trinepos item trineptis filia neptis pronepos abneptis atneptis trinepos item trineptis filius neptis proneptis abneptis atneptis trinepos item trineptis filia neptis proneptis abneptis atneptis trinepos item trineptis. 18Septimo gradu personae continentur mille viginti quattuor hae: tritavi itemque tritaviae pater mater: personas efficiunt centum viginti octo: tritavi enim patres tot sunt quot ipsius tritavi, item eiusdem matres totidem, fiunt sexaginta quattuor: idem numerus tritaviae patris matrisque. atavi ataviae frater sororve: hi sunt tritavi filius filia, abavi abaviaeve patruus avunculus amita matertera, proavi proaviae patruus magnus avunculus magnus amita magna matertera magna, avi aviaeve propatruus proavunculus proamita promatertera, patris vel matris abpatruus abavunculus abamita abmatertera: fiunt personae atavi fratris triginta duo: nam sedecim, quas atavus explet, accedunt totidem propter fratris duplicem personam: necesse est nam sedecim fratres atavi ex patre computentur, sedecim ex matre. similiter atavi sorores triginta duo: fiunt sexaginta quattuor: et totidem ataviae fratris, item sororis. patrui maximi filius filia: hi sunt atavi nepos neptis ex filio, abavi fratris filius filia. amitae maximae filius filia: hi sunt atavi nepos neptis ex filia, abavi sororis filius filia. avunculi maximi filius filia: hi sunt atavi nepos neptis ex filio, abaviae fratris filius filia. materterae maximae filius filia: hi sunt atavi nepos neptis ex filia, abaviae sororis filius filia. hae omnes personae, quas a patrui maximi filio enumeravimus, proavi proaviaeque eius, de cuius cognatione quaeritur, consobrinae sunt, avi aviaeque eiusdem propius sobrinis. singulae appellationes continent personas sedecim, quia, cum patruus maximus sedecim efficiat, filius eius eandem habet enumerationem totidemque filia: et fit ex omnibus his, quas a patrui maximi filio comprehendimus, ductis per octo sedecies, centum viginti octo. patrui maioris nepos personas continet sedecim (est enim abavi abaviaeve pronepos) et cum abavus octies numeretur, nepotes bis octies computati supra scriptum numerum efficiunt. patrui maioris neptis item. avunculi maioris nepos neptis eadem ratione personas conplebunt triginta duo. amitae maioris nepos neptis eadem ratione item. materterae maioris nepos neptis item. et sic ex omnibus colliguntur centum viginti octo. his personis avus avia eius, de cuius cognatione quaeritur, propius sobrinis sunt, pater mater sobrinus sobrina: is de cuius cognatione quaeritur, sobrino natus est: hic proximo nomine definitur parentis sui sobrinus, ut Trebatius ait, rationemque nominis hanc reddit, quod ultimi cognationum gradus sobrinorum fiunt itaque sobrini filium recte proximum nomen. ab eo ipso huius sobrini filius dicetur, et ideo eos, qui ex sobrinis nati sunt, inter se proximum nomen appellare: hos enim nullum proprium habere nomen, quo inter se vocentur. patrui magni pronepos proneptis. avunculi magni pronepos proneptis. amitae magnae pronepos proneptis. materterae magnae pronepos proneptis. ex his omnibus centum viginti octo personae efficiuntur, quia singulae appellationes sedecim complent: nam cum exempli gratia patruus magnus quadrifariam intellegitur, ad singulorum patruorum magnorum personas quadruplicatus pronepos, item proneptis triginta duo personas reddet, totque quater numeratae illam, quae proposita est, summam efficiunt. eorum patres matresque ei, de cuius cognatione quaeritur, sobrini sobrinaeque sunt, ipse autem isdem sobrino sobrinave natus. patrui abnepos abneptis. avunculi abnepos abneptis. amitae abnepos abneptis. materterae abnepos abneptis. haec singula vocabula senas denas continent personas: verbi enim gratia patrui abnepos sic enumerabitur, ut bifariam patruo accepto quater pronepos, totiens proneptis ducatur et sic ad eorum filios veniatur sedecies computatos: eadem ratione ad filiam: item in ceteros: et per hoc ex omnibus efficietur numerus personarum centum viginti octo. hi sunt ei, de cuius cognatione quaeritur, consobrinorum nepotes neptesque, ipsi eorum, de cuius cognatione quaeritur, patrui maximi avunculi maximi amitae maximae materterae maximae filius filia, item proavi proaviae consobrinus. fratris sororisque adnepos adneptis: personas continent centum viginti octo. trinepotis filius, item filia: trineptis filius, item filia. hi centum viginti octo fiunt, quod, cum trinepos trineptisque, ut supra demonstravimus, sexaginta quattuor impleant, filius eorum eadem enumeratione totidemque filia computabitur.
10 The Same, On Degrees and Affinities and Their Different Names. A person learned in the law should be familiar with the degrees of relationship and affinity, because, by the laws, it is customary for estates and guardianships to pass to the next of kin. The Prætor, however, by his Edict, grants the possession of an estate to the nearest cognate. Moreover, under a law relating to criminal trials, we cannot be compelled, against our will, to give testimony against persons connected with us by affinity, and cognates. 1The term cognation appears to be derived from a Greek word, for the Greeks designated as suggneis, persons whom we call cognates. 2Those are cognates whom the Law of the Twelve Tables styles agnates, but the latter are really such from the same family through the father. Those to whom we are related through women, are only designated cognates. 3The next of kin among agnates are called “proper.” 4The same difference exists between agnates and cognates as exists between genus and species. An agnate is also a cognate, but a cognate is not an agnate; for one of these is a civil, and the other a natural designation. 5We make use of this term, that is to say, cognates, even with reference to slaves. Therefore, we speak of the parents, the children, and the brothers of slaves; but cognation is not recognized by servile laws. 6The origin of cognation is derived from women alone, for he is a brother who was only born of the same mother; but where persons have the same father, but different mothers, they are agnates. 7Ascendants, as far as the great-great-great-great-grandfather, are indicated among the Romans by special names, relatives beyond that degree, who have no particular designation are called ancestors. Likewise, children as far back as the great-great-great-great-grandson have special names, and those who are beyond this degree are styled posterity. 8There are also cognates in the collateral degree, as brothers and sisters and their descendants, as well as paternal and maternal aunts. 9Whenever a question arises as to the degree of relationship existing between one person and another, we must begin with him whose relationship is in question; and if it is in the superior or inferior degree in the direct ascending or descending line, we can easily ascertain the relationship by following the line up or down, if we enumerate each one who is next of kin through the different degrees. For anyone who is the next of kin to a person who is in the next degree to me is in the second degree to me; and, in like manner, the number increases with each additional person. The same course should be taken with reference to the degrees in the collateral line. Hence, a brother is in the second degree, as the father and mother from whom his relationship is derived is counted first. 10Degrees are so called from their resemblance to ladders, or places which are sloping, so that we ascend by passing from one to the next, that is, we proceed to one who, as it were, originates from another. 11Now let us consider each degree separately. 12In the first degree of relationship, in the ascending line, are two persons, the father and the mother; in the direct descending line there are also two, the son and the daughter, who may be several in number. 13In the second degree, twelve persons are included, namely, the grandfather, that is to say the father of the father and the mother, and the grandmother, both paternal and maternal. The brother is also understood to belong to one or the other of the parents, either only to the mother, or to the father, or to both. This does not increase the number, however, because there is no difference between him who has the same parents, and him who has only the same father, except that the former has the same paternal and maternal cognates. Therefore, the result, so far as those who are born of different parents are concerned, is that the brother of my brother may not be my cognate. For suppose that I have a brother only by the same father, and he has one by the same mother, the two are brothers, but the other is not my cognate. The relation of sister is computed in the same way as that of a brother. The relation of grandson is also understood in two ways, for he is the son of a son, or the son of a daughter. 14Thirty-two persons are included in the third degree. The term great-grandfather is understood in four different ways, for he is the father of the paternal grandfather or the maternal grandfather, or of the paternal grandmother or of the maternal grandmother; the term great-grandmother also includes four different persons, for she is the mother of either the maternal grandfather or the paternal grandmother, or the mother of the maternal grandfather or of the maternal grandmother. The term paternal uncle (that is to say, the brother of the father) is also to be understood in a double sense; that is, whether he had the same father or the same mother. My paternal grandmother married your father, and gave birth to you; or your paternal grandmother married my father, and gave birth to me; I am, therefore, your paternal uncle, and you are mine. This happens where two women marry the son of one another, for the male children who are born of them are the paternal uncle of one another, and the female children are the maternal aunts of one another. If a man gives his son in marriage to a woman whose daughter he himself has married, the male children born to the father of the young man will call those born to the mother of the girl their nephews, and the latter will call the others their paternal uncles, and their paternal aunts. A maternal uncle is a brother of the mother, and the same can be said of her which we have stated with reference to the paternal uncle; for if two men should marry each other’s daughters, the males born to them will be reciprocally maternal uncles, and the females will be reciprocally maternal aunts. And, under the same rule, if males are born by one marriage and females by another, the males will be the maternal uncles of the females, and the females will be the maternal aunts of the males. The paternal aunt is the sister of the father, and what has been above mentioned will apply to her. The maternal aunt is a sister of the mother, and likewise what has been previously stated will apply to her. It must be remembered that, while the brothers and sisters of the father and the mother are called paternal uncles and aunts, and maternal uncles and aunts, the sons and daughters of brothers and sisters have no special name to designate their relationship, but they are merely referred to as the sons and daughters of brothers and sisters. It will hereafter be shown that this is also the case with their descendants. The terms great-grandson and great-granddaughter are also understood in four different ways, for they are either descended from a grandson by his son, or from a grandson by his daughter; or from a granddaughter by her son, or from a granddaughter by her daughter. 15Eighty persons are included in the fourth degree. Great-great-grandfather is a term which extends to eight persons, for he is either the father of the paternal great-grandfather, or of the maternal great-grandfather, whom we have stated should each be understood in a double sense; or he is the father of the paternal great-grandmother, or of the maternal great-grandmother, each of which names we also understand to be of twofold signification. The term great-great-grandmother also includes eight persons, for she is the mother of the paternal great-grandfather, or the maternal greatgrandfather; or the mother of the paternal great-grandmother, or of the maternal great-grandmother. The paternal great-uncle is the brother of the grandfather, and he can be understood to be both grandfather and brother in two ways, hence this term includes four persons; as he may be the brother of the paternal or the maternal grandfather, that is to say, he may be descended from the same father, namely, the great-grandfather, or only from the same mother, namely, the great-grandmother. Moreover, he who is my great uncle is the uncle of my father or mother. My paternal great-aunt is the sister of my grandfather, and the term grandfather, as well as that of sister (as we stated above) is interpreted in two different ways, and therefore, in this instance, we understand the term great-aunt to refer to four different persons. In like manner, she who is the paternal aunt of my father or my mother will be my paternal great-aunt. The maternal great-uncle is the brother of the grandmother, and under the same rule, there are four persons embraced in this appellation, and my maternal great-uncle is the maternal uncle of my father or my mother. The maternal great-aunt is the sister of the grandmother, and, in accordance with the same rule, this term is to be understood in four different ways; for she who is the maternal aunt of my father or my mother is my maternal great-aunt. There are also in this degree the children of brothers and sisters or first cousins of both sexes. They are children born to brothers or sisters, and whom certain authorities distinguish as follows: those who are born to brothers being designated paternal first cousins, and those born to a brother or a sister are called amitini and amitinse, and children of either sex born of two sisters are called cousins on account of their descent. According to Trebatius, many authorities call all of these children cousins. Sixteen different persons are included in this appellation; namely, the son and the daughter of a paternal uncle are designated in a twofold manner, as is stated above; for the brother of my father may, with him, be descended only from a common father, or a common mother. The son and daughter of a paternal aunt, and the son and daughter of a maternal uncle, is the son and daughter of a maternal uncle, and the son and daughter of a maternal aunt, as well as the terms paternal aunt, maternal uncle, and maternal aunt are to be understood as having double signification in accordance with this rule. The grandson and granddaughter of a brother and sister also belong to this degree. But as the terms brother, sister, grandson, and granddaughter are to be understood in a double sense, sixteen persons are included herein; namely, the grandson born to the son and the grandson born to the daughter of a brother, by the same father; the grandson born to the son and the grandson born to the daughter of the brother by the same mother, but by another father; the granddaughter born to a son and the granddaughter born to a daughter of a brother by the same father, and the granddaughter born to a son, or a daughter of a brother by the same mother, but by a different father. Under this rule there are eight persons and another eight will be added if we count the grandsons and the granddaughters born to the sister. Moreover, the grandson and the granddaughter of my brother and sister call me their great-uncle. The grandchildren of my brothers and sisters and my own call each other cousins. A great-great-grandson and a great-great-granddaughter are the son and the daughter of a great-grandson or a great-granddaughter; the grandson or the granddaughter of a grandson or a granddaughter, the great-grandson and the great-granddaughter of the grandson of a son or a daughter; it being understood that the grandson is such for the reason that he is the son of my own son or my daughter, and my granddaughter is such because she is the daughter of my son, or my daughter; so that we descend by a degree to each person as follows: the son, the grandson, the great-grandson, the great-great-grandson; the son, the grandson, the great-grandson, the great-great-granddaughter; the son, the grandson, the great-granddaughter, the great-great-grandson; the son, the grandson, the great-granddaughter, the great-great-granddaughter; the son, the granddaughter, the great-grandson, the great-great-grandson; the son, the granddaughter, the great-grandson, the great-great-granddaughter; the son, the granddaughter, the great-granddaughter, the great-great-grandson; the son, the granddaughter, the great-granddaughter and the great-great-granddaughter. In calculating the descent from the daughter the same persons are enumerated, and in this way they make sixteen. 16A hundred and eighty-four persons are included in the fifth degree, as follows, the great-great-great-grandfather, and the great-great-great-grandmother. The great-great-great-grandfather is the father of the great-great-grandfather, or the great-great-grandmother; the grandfather of the great-grandfather or the great-grandmother; the great-great-grandfather of the father or the mother. This appellation includes sixteen persons, the enumeration being made by males as well as females, in order that we may reach each one thus designated; namely, the father, the grandfather, the great-grandfather, the great-great-grandfather, the great-great-great-grandfather; the father, the grandfather, the great-grandfather, the great-great-grandmother, the great-great-great-grandfather; the father, the grandfather, the great-grandmother, the great-great-grandfather, the great-great-great-grandfather; the father, the grandfather, the great-grandmother, the great-great-grandmother, the great-great-great-grandfather; the father, the grandmother, the great-grandfather, the great-great-grandfather, the great-great-great-grandfather; the father, the grandmother, the great-grandfather, the great-great-grandmother, the great-great-great-grandfather; the father, the grandmother, the great-grandmother, the great-great-grandmother, the great-great-greatgrandfather; the father, the grandmother, the great-grandmother, the great-great-grandfather, the great-great-great-grandfather. The enumeration is made in like manner on the mother’s side. The term great-great-great-grandmother, according to the same rule, includes the same number of persons, that is to say sixteen. The great-great-paternal uncle is the brother of the great-grandfather, or the great paternal uncle of the father or mother. Under this name eight persons enumerated as follows are included, the father, the grandfather, the great-grandfather, the great-great-grandfather, the brother of the great-grandfather; the father, the grandfather, the great-grandfather, the great-great-grandmother, the brother of the great-grandfather; the father, the grandmother, the great-grandfather, the great-great-grandfather, the brother of the great-grandfather; the father, the grandmother, the great-grandfather, the great-great-grandmother, the brother of the great-grandfather. There are the same number of persons in making the calculation from the mother to her great-grandfather. However, before mentioning the brother of the great-grandfather, we place before him the great-great-grandfather for the reason (as we stated above) that we cannot reach him whose relationship is in question, unless we pass through those from whom he has descended, the maternal great-great-uncle, that is the brother of the great-grandmother, maternal great-uncle of the father or mother. By the same method of calculation, we also, in this instance, compute eight persons except that, only with this change, the brother of the great-grandmother is introduced. The paternal great-great-aunt is the sister of the great-grandfather and the great-aunt of the father or mother. In this case the same enumerations of persons are made as before, except that the sister of the great-grandfather is introduced last. The maternal great-great-aunt is the sister of the great-grandmother, and the maternal great-aunt of the father or mother. In this instance, the number of persons is the same, except that the sister of the great-grandmother is placed last. Certain authorities designate all those whom we have mentioned as descended from the paternal great-uncle as follows, paternal uncle, maternal uncle, paternal aunt, maternal aunt; those whom I designate as such call me the great-grandson of their brother or sister. In this degree are also included the son and daughter of the paternal great-uncle, who are the son and daughter of the brother of the grandfather, the grandson and granddaughter of the great-grandson or the great-granddaughter by their sons or daughters, and the first cousin of the father or the mother. In this instance we also compute eight persons; for the reason that the grandfather and the brother (as has already been stated), can exist in this capacity in two ways, and therefore the character of son or daughter of a paternal great-aunt belongs to four persons; the son and the daughter of the paternal great-aunt are the son and the daughter of the sister of the grandfather, and the grandson or the granddaughter by the daughter of the great-grandfather, or the great-grandmother, and cousins of the father or mother; the number of the persons being the same as above stated. The son and the daughter of the maternal great-uncle are the son and daughter of the brother of the grandmother, or the grandson and granddaughter by the son, and the male and female cousins of the father or the mother; and the number is the same as that given above. The son and the daughter of the maternal great-aunt, that is to say, the children of a sister of the grandmother, the grandson and granddaughter by the daughter of the great-grandfather or great-grandmother, and the cousins of the father or mother according to the same computation. The persons whom we have just enumerated from the son of the paternal great-uncle, concerning whose relationship a question may arise, are properly designated cousins, for, as Massurius says, a person whom anyone calls next in degree to his cousin, who is a cousin of his father or mother, is designated by him as the son or daughter of the cousin. The grandson and granddaughter of the paternal uncle are the great-grandson and the great-granddaughter of the paternal grandfather or the paternal grandmother, descended from a grandson or a granddaughter by a son, and are the children of cousins. These include eight persons, that is four grandsons and four granddaughters, for the reason that the term paternal uncle is understood to be one of twofold meaning, and the grandson or the granddaughter are doubled, so far as the two kinds of uncles are concerned. The grandson or the granddaughter of the paternal aunt are the great-grandson and the great-granddaughter born to a grandson or a granddaughter of the paternal grandfather or grandmother, and are the sons and daughters of cousins; and the number is the same. The grandson and granddaughter of the maternal uncle are the great-grandson and great-granddaughter of the maternal grandfather or grandmother. The remainder are the same, as in the case of grandson or granddaughter of the paternal uncle (the grandson and granddaughter of the maternal aunt, that is to say, the great-grandson of the great-granddaughter, by a grandson or granddaughter of the maternal grandfather or grandmother; and the number of persons is the same). All those whom we have just mentioned from the grandson of the paternal uncle, in the case where relationship is in question, are considered next in line to the cousin, for he is the cousin of the father or mother. The great-grandson and the great-granddaughter of a brother: in this degree sixteen persons are included, the term brother being understood in two ways, and the great-grandson and the great-granddaughter each being understood in four ways (as we previously mentioned). The degree of great-grandson and great-granddaughter of the sister likewise includes sixteen persons. The great-great-great-grandson and the great-great-great-granddaughter are the children of the great-great-grandson and the great-great-granddaughter, the grandson and granddaughter of the great-grandson or the great-granddaughter, the great-grandson and the great-granddaughter of the grandson or the granddaughter; the great-great-grandchildren of the son or the daughter. Thirty-two persons are included under this appellation, for the great-great-great-grandson includes sixteen, and the great-great-great-granddaughter the same number. 17Four hundred and forty-eight persons are included in the sixth degree, as follows: the great-great-great-great-grandfather, the great-great-great-grandfather of the father, or mother, the great-great-grandfather, the grandfather or grandmother, the great-grandfather of the great-grandfather or great-grandmother, the grandfather of the great-great-grandfather or the grandmother, and the grandfather of the great-great-grandfather or grandmother, and the father of the great-great-great-grandfather or the great-great-great-grandmother. He is called the grandfather in the third degree. Thirty-two persons are included in this class. For the number to which the great-great-great-grandfather belongs must be doubled, a change being made with reference to each person, so far as the relation of great-great-great-grandfather is concerned; so that there are sixteen ways of being the father of the great-great-great-grandfather, and as many of being the father of the great-great-great-great-grandmother. The term great-great-great-great-grandmother likewise includes thirty-two persons, the paternal great-great-uncle, that is to say the brother of the great-great-grandfather, the son of the great-great-great-grandfather and mother, the paternal great-great-uncle of the father or mother. The sixteen persons mentioned as included in the term are the following: the father, the grandfather, the great-grandfather, the great-great-grandfather, the great-great-great-grandfather, the brother of the great-great-grandfather; the father, the grandfather, the great-grandfather, the great-great-grandfather, the great-great-great-grandmother, the brother of the great-great-grandfather; the father, the grandfather, the great-grandmother, the great-great-grandfather, the great-great-great-grandfather, the brother of the great-great-grandfather; the father, the grandfather, the great-grandmother, the great-great-grandfather, the great-great-great-grandmother, the brother of the great-great-grandfather; the father, the grandmother, the great-grandfather, the great-great-grandfather, the great-great-great-grandfather, the brother of the great-greatgrandfather; the father, the grandmother, the great-grandfather, the great - great - grandfather, the great - great - great - grandmother, the brother of the great-great-grandfather; the father, the grandmother, the great-grandmother, the great-great-grandfather, the great-great-great-grandfather, the brother of the great-great-grandfather; the father, the grandmother, the great-grandmother, the great-greatgrandfather, the great-great-great-grandmother, the brother of the great-great-grandfather. The same number are included on the mother’s side. The maternal great-great-uncle, that is to say the brother of the great-great-grand-mother, and the maternal great-uncle of the father or mother. The number in the order of the persons is the same as above mentioned; the only change being that the brother of the great-great-grandmother is introduced instead of the brother of the great-great-grandfather. The paternal great-great-aunt is the sister of the great-great-grandfather, and the maternal great-great-aunt of the mother; and the others proceed in regular order, as in the case of the paternal great-great-uncle, with the exception that the sister of the great-greatgrandfather is substituted instead of the brother of the great-greatgrandfather. The maternal great-great-aunt is the sister of the great-great-grandmother, and the great-aunt of the father or mother, and the other degrees proceed as above, except that, at the last, the sister of the great-great-grandmother is introduced instead of the brother of the great-great-grandmother. Certain authorities designate by the following specific names all those whom we have traced from the paternal great-great-uncle, the maternal great-great-uncle, the paternal great-great-uncle, the paternal great-great-aunt, and the maternal great-great-aunt; therefore, we use these terms indiscriminately. Those whom I designate by these names call me the great-great-grandson of their brother or their sister. The son and the daughter of the paternal great-great-uncle are the son and daughter of the brother of the great-grandfather, and the grandson and granddaughter of the great-great-grandfather or great-great-grandmother, by the great-grandfather through his son. There are sixteen persons in this class, the enumeration being made in the same manner as was done in the fifth degree, when we explained the relation of the paternal great-great-uncle; only adding one more son or daughter, because it is necessary to include as many persons in this class, as in those of the paternal great-great-uncle, that is to say, eight. With reference to the person of the daughter, the number computed is the same as that mentioned above; the son and the daughter of the paternal great-great-aunt are the children of the sister of the great-grandfather, and the grandson and the granddaughter by the great-great-grandfather or the great-great-grandmother through the great-grandfather by a daughter. In this instance, we compute the persons according to the same rule. The son and daughter of the maternal great-great-uncle are the children of the great-grandfather and the great-grandmother, and the grandchildren of the great-great-great-grandfather, and the great-great-great-grandmother through the great-grandmother by a son. The enumeration, in this case, should be made just as in that of the son and daughter of the paternal great-great-uncle. The son and the daughter of the maternal great-great-aunt are the son and the daughter of the sister of the great-grandmother, and the grandson and granddaughter of the great-great-grandfather and the great-great-grandmother through the great-grandmother by a daughter, the number and definitions of the persons being the same as above. All of those whom we have mentioned as descended from the son of the paternal great-great-uncle are cousins of the grandfather and grandmother, and the great-uncles and great-aunts of the person whose relationship is in question; and they are also distant cousins of the brothers and sisters of the father or mother on both sides. The grandson and the granddaughter of a paternal great-uncle and a paternal great-aunt, of a maternal great-uncle and a maternal great-aunt, each of which classes includes sixty-four persons. For as the person of the great-uncle has four different significations, that of the grandson has two, the number is doubled in speaking of the grandson, and he who is doubled is also quadrupled. Where the granddaughter is concerned, the number is also doubled; and we will mention one of these enumerations, by way of example. The father, the grandfather, the great-grandfather, the brother of the grandfather, who is the paternal great-uncle, his son, and his grandson, by a son, and also his granddaughter; the father, the grandfather, the great-grandmother, the brother of the grandfather, who is the paternal great-uncle, his son, his grandson by his son, and his granddaughter; the father, the grandfather, the great-grandfather, the father of the grandfather who is the paternal great-uncle of his daughter, and his grandson by his daughter, likewise, his grand-daughter; the father, the grandfather, the great-grandmother, the brother of the grandfather, who is the paternal great-uncle, his daughter, his grandson by his daughter, and also his granddaughter. Under the same rule, there are as many, beginning with the mother, that is to say if we compute the grandsons and granddaughters of the brother of the maternal grandfather. This also applies to the paternal great-aunt; that is to say, where we enumerate the grandchildren of the sister of the grandfather. The same rule also applies to the maternal great-uncle, that is to say, the brother of the grandmother. According to the same rule, the computation is made with reference to the maternal great-aunt, that is to say, the sister of the grandmother; from whom the entire number of sixty-four descendants is derived. All of these are the great-grandsons or great-granddaughters of the great-grandfather or great-grandmother of the person whose relationship is in question, the grandsons or granddaughters of the brother or sister of the same grandfather or grandmother. And, on the other hand, the grandfather and grandmother, the paternal great-uncle and the paternal great-aunt, the maternal great-uncle and the maternal great-aunt of the same person. There are, in addition, the father and the mother of the same person, and the brothers and sisters of both of these in the degree above cousins, and he is their cousin, and they are his. The great-grandson of the paternal uncle and his granddaughter include eight persons; for there are sixteen of both sexes; namely, the father, the grandfather, the paternal uncle, the son of the latter, his grandson by a son, his great-grandson through his son by a grandson, and his great-granddaughter; the father, the grandmother, the paternal uncle, the son of the paternal uncle, his grandson through his son, his great-grandson by a grandson through his son, and his great-granddaughter; the father, the grandfather, the paternal uncle, the daughter of the latter, his grandson by his daughter, his great-grandson by his grandson by his daughter’s son, and his great-granddaughter; the father, the grandmother, the paternal uncle, the daughter of the paternal uncle, his grandson by his daughter, his great-grandson born to his grandson by his daughter, and his great-granddaughter; the father, the grandfather, the paternal uncle, the son of the paternal uncle, the granddaughter by the son of his daughter, the great-grandson born to the son of his daughter, and his great-granddaughter; the father, the grandmother, the great-uncle, the son of the great-uncle, his granddaughter by his son, his great-grandson born to his son through his granddaughter, and also his great-granddaughter; the father, the grandfather, the great-uncle, the daughter of the great-uncle, his granddaughter by his daughter, his great-grandson born to his granddaughter by his daughter, and his great-granddaughter; the father, the grandmother, the paternal uncle, the daughter of the paternal uncle, his granddaughter by his daughter, his great-grandson by his granddaughter through his daughter, and his granddaughter, the great-grandson and the great-granddaughter of the paternal aunt. Under the same rule this class contains the same number of persons by substituting the paternal aunt for the paternal uncle. This also applies to the great-grandson and great-granddaughter of the maternal uncle, the latter being introduced instead of the paternal uncle. The great-grandson and great-granddaughter of the paternal aunt, and, in this instance, the maternal aunt is substituted instead of the paternal uncle, and we find the same number of persons. All of these are the grandsons or granddaughters of the cousins of him whose relationship is in question. The great-great-grandson and the great-great-granddaughter of the brother and sister give rise to sixty-four persons, as appears from what is above stated. The great-great-great-grandson and great-great-great-granddaughter, the great-great-grandson or the great-great-granddaughter of the son of the daughter, and the great-great-grandson and the great-great-granddaughter of the great-grandson, and the great-granddaughter of the great-grandson, or the great-granddaughter of the great-grandson or the great-granddaughter, or the grandson and granddaughter of the great-great-grandson or the great-great-granddaughter, or the son of the daughter of the great-great-grandson or the great-great-granddaughter. These appellations include sixty-four persons, for the grandson in the third degree gives rise to thirty-two, and the granddaughter in the third degree to the same number. For from the great-great-grandson the number is quadrupled, making thirty-two, as the term grandson itself signifies two persons, the great-grandson four, the great-great-grandson eight, the great-great-great-grandson sixteen. To these are added the grandson and the granddaughter in the third degree, one of whom is born to the great-great-great-grandson, and the other to the great-great-great-granddaughter. Moreover, the same duplication is made in each individual degree, for the females are added to the males, from whom each one is derived in regular order, and they are enumerated as follows: the son, the grandson, the great-grandson, the great-great-grandson, the great-great-great-grandson, the great-great-great-great-grandson, and the great-great-great-great-granddaughter; the daughter, the grandson, the great-grandson, the great-great-grandson, the great-great-great-grandson, the great-great-great-great-grandson and the great-great-great-great-granddaughter; the daughter, the grandson, the great-grandson, the great - great - grandson, the great - great - great - grandson, the great-great-great-great-grandson and the great-great-great-great-granddaughter; the son, the granddaughter, the great-grandson, the great-great-grandson, the great-great-great-grandson, the great-great-great-great-grandson and the great-great-great-great-granddaughter; the daughter, the granddaughter, the great-grandson, the great-great-grandson, the great-great-great grandson, the great-great-great-great grandson and the great-great-great-great-granddaughter; the son, the grandson, the great-grandson, the great-great-grandson, the great-great-great-grandson, the great-great-great-great grandson and the great-great-great-great-granddaughter; the daughter, the grand-son,the great-granddaughter,the great-great-grandson,the great-great-great-grandson, the great-great-great-great-grandson, and the great-great-great-great-granddaughter; the son, the granddaughter, the great-granddaughter, the great-great-grandson, the great-great-great-grandson, the great-great-great-great-grandson, and the great-great-great-great-granddaughter; the daughter, the granddaughter, the great-granddaughter, the great-great-grandson, the great-great-great-grandson, the great-great-great-great grandson and the great-great-great-great-granddaughter; the son, the grandson, the great-grandson, the great-great-granddaughter, the great-great-great-grandson, the great-great-great-great grandson, and the great-great-great-great-granddaughter; the daughter, the grandson, the great-grandson, the great-great-granddaughter, the great-great-great-grandson, the great-great-great-great-grandson and the great-great-great-great-granddaughter; the son, the grandson, the great-grandson, the great-granddaughter, the great-great-granddaughter, the great-great-great-grandson, the great-great-great-great-grandson, and the great-great-great-great-granddaughter; the daughter, the grandson, the great-granddaughter, the great-great-granddaughter, the great-great-great-grandson, the great-great-great-great-grandson, and the great-great-great-great-granddaughter; the son, the granddaughter, the great-grandson, the great-great-granddaughter, the great-great-great-grandson, the great-great-great-great-grandson, and the great-great-great-great-granddaughter; the daughter, the granddaughter, the great-grandson, the great-great-granddaughter, the great-great-great-grandson, the great-great-great-great-grandson, and the great-great-great-great-granddaughter; the son, the granddaughter, the great-granddaughter, the great-great-granddaughter, the great-great-great-grandson, the great-great-great-great-grandson, and the great-great-great-great-granddaughter; the daughter, the granddaughter, the great-granddaughter, the great-great-granddaughter, the great-great-great-grandson, the great-great-great-great grandson and the great-great-great-great-granddaughter; the son, the grandson, the great-grandson, the great-great-grandson, the great-great-great-granddaughter, and the great-great-great-great-grandson and the great-great-great-great-granddaughter; the daughter, the grandson, the great-grandson, the great-great-grandson, the great-great-great-granddaughter, the great-great-great-great-grandson and the great-great-great-great granddaughter; the son, the granddaughter, the great-grandson, the great-great-grandson, the great-great-great-granddaughter, the great-great-great-great-grandson, and the great-great-great-great-granddaughter; the son, the granddaughter, the great grandson, the great-great-grandson, the great-great-great-granddaughter, the great-great-great -great - grandson and the great - great - great - great - granddaughter; the daughter, the granddaughter, the great-grandson, the great-great-grandson, the great-great-great-granddaughter, the great-great-great-great-grandson, and the great-great-great-great-granddaughter; the son, the grandson, the great-granddaughter, the great-great-grandson, the great-great-great-granddaughter, the great-great-great-great-grandson and the great-great-great-great-granddaughter; the daughter, the grandson, the great-granddaughter, the great-great-grandson, the great-great-great-granddaughter, the great-great-great-great-grandson and the great-great-great-great-granddaughter; the son, the granddaughter, the great-granddaughter, the great-great-grandson, the great-great-great-granddaughter, the great-great-great-great-grandson, and the great-great-great-great-granddaughter; the daughter, the granddaughter, the great-granddaughter, the great-great-grandson, the great-great-great-granddaughter, the great-great-great-great-grandson, and the great-great-great-great-granddaughter; the son, the grandson, the great-grandson, the great-great-granddaughter, the great-great-great-granddaughter, the great-great-great-great-grandson, and the great-great-great-great-granddaughter; the daughter, the grandson, the great-grandson, the great-great-granddaughter, the great-great-great-granddaughter, the great-great-great-great-grandson, and the great-great-great-great-granddaughter; the son, the grandson, the great-granddaughter, the great-great-granddaughter, the great-great-great-granddaughter, the great-great-great-great-grandson and the great-great-great-great-granddaughter; the daughter, the grandson, the great-granddaughter, the great-great-granddaughter, the great-great-great-granddaughter, the great-great-great-great-grandson, and the great-great-great-great-granddaughter; the son, the granddaughter, the great-grandson, the great-great-granddaughter, the great-great-great-granddaughter, the great-great-great-great-grandson and the great-great-great-great-granddaughter; the daughter, the granddaughter, the great-grandson, the great-great-granddaughter, the great-great-great-granddaughter, the great-great-great-great-grandson and the great-great-great-great-granddaughter; the son, the granddaughter, the great-granddaughter, the great-great-granddaughter, the great-great-great-granddaughter, the great-great-great-great-grandson and the great-great-great-great-granddaughter; the daughter, the granddaughter, the great-granddaughter, the great-great-granddaughter, the great-great-great-granddaughter, the great-great-great-great-grandson and the great-great-great-great-granddaughter. 18One hundred and twenty-four persons are included in the seventh degree, beginning with the father and the mother of the great-great-great-great-grandfather and the great-great-great-great-grandmother. These constitute in all a hundred and twenty-eight persons, for there are as many fathers and mothers of the great-great-great-great-grandfather as of the great-great-great-great-grandmother, and these make sixty-four. The brother and the sister of the great-great-great-grandfather and the great-great-great-grandmother are the son and daughter of the great-great-great-great-grandfather, the paternal and maternal uncle and the paternal and maternal aunt of the great-great-grandfather and the great-great-grandmother; the paternal great-uncle and the maternal great-uncle, the paternal great-aunt and the maternal great-aunt of the great-grandfather and the great-grandmother; the paternal great-great-uncle, the maternal great-great-uncle, the paternal great-great-aunt, and the maternal great-great-aunt of the grandfather or grandmother; the paternal great-great-uncle, the maternal great-great-uncle, the paternal great-great-aunt and the maternal great-great aunt of the father or mother. The persons connected with the brother of the great-great-greatgrandfather are thirty-two in number, for there are sixteen derived from the great-great-great-grandfather, and as many more are necessarily added on account of the duplication of the person of the brother. For sixteen brothers of the great-great-great-grandfather are computed as descending from his father, as well as sixteen from his mother. In like manner the sisters of the great-great-great-grandfather are thirty-two in number. This makes sixty-four in all, and as many for the brother and sister of the great-great-great-grandmother must be reckoned. The son and the daughter of the paternal great-great-uncle are the grandson of the great-great-great-grandfather and the granddaughter by his son, the son and daughter of the brother of the great-great-grandfather. The son and the daughter of the paternal great-great-aunt are the grandson of the great-great-great-grandfather and granddaughter by his daughter, the son and the daughter of the sister of the great-great-grandfather. The son and the daughter of the maternal great-great-uncle are the grandson of the great-great-great-great-grandfather and the granddaughter by his son, the son and the daughter of the brother of the great-great-grandmother. The son and the daughter of the maternal great-great-aunt are the grandson and the granddaughter of the great-great-great-grandfather, by his granddaughter by a daughter, the son and daughter of the sister of the great-great-grandmother. All these persons whom we have mentioned as being descended from the son of the paternal great-great-uncle are the cousins of the greatgrandfather and the great-grandmother whose relationship is in question, one degree above the cousins of his grandfather and grandmother. Each one of these names includes sixteen persons, because when the paternal great-great-uncle gives rise to sixteen, his son and his daughter each gives rise to the enumeration of as many more; and from all those which we trace back to the son of the paternal great-great-uncle by multiplying eight by sixteen, we obtain one hundred and twenty-eight. The term grandson of the paternal great-uncle includes sixteen persons. For he is the great-grandson of the great-great-grandfather and the great-great-grandmother, and as the great-great-grandfather is counted eight times, the grandsons being counted twice eight times, make up the above-mentioned number. The same rule applies to the granddaughter of the paternal great-uncle. According to the same rule the grandson and granddaughter of the maternal great-great-uncle include thirty-two persons. The grandson and granddaughter of the paternal great-aunt under this classification includes the same number. This also applies to the grandson and the granddaughter of a maternal great-aunt, and hence, for all of these, a hundred and twenty-eight persons are obtained. The grandfather and grandmother of the person whose relationship is in question are related in the degree above cousins to the persons herein- before mentioned, namely, the father, the mother and the male and female cousins. He whose degree of relationship is in question is their cousin, but in an inferior degree, and, as Trebatius says, this is done to indicate that they are related; and he gives as the reason for this, that the last degrees of relationship are those of cousins. Therefore, the son of my cousin is very properly called my near relative; and he is also called the son of my cousin. Hence those who are born of cousins call one another near relatives, for they have no special name by which they may be designated. The great-grandson and the great-granddaughter of the paternal great-uncle, the great-grandson and the great-granddaughter of the maternal great-uncle, the great-grandson and the granddaughter of the paternal great-aunt, the great-grandson and the great-granddaughter of the maternal great-aunt: from all these a hundred and twenty-eight persons are derived, because each of these appellations includes sixteen. For example, the term paternal great-uncle is understood in four different ways, the persons of each paternal great-uncle being quadrupled; the great-grandson and the great-granddaughter include thirty-two persons; and this number multiplied by four makes the entire number above mentioned. The fathers and mothers of these are the cousins of him whose degree of relationship is in question, and he is their cousin. The great-great-grandson and the great-great-granddaughter of the paternal uncle, the great-great-grandson and the great-great-granddaughter of the maternal uncle, the great-great-grandson and the great-great-granddaughter of the paternal aunt, the great-great-grandson and the great-great-granddaughter of the maternal aunt: each of these terms includes sixteen persons; for example, the great-great-grandson of the paternal uncle is enumerated in such a way that his great-grandson and great-granddaughter shall be counted as four, and their children will amount to sixteen. The same rule applies to the daughter as to the others, and in this way the entire number is brought up to a hundred and twenty-eight. These are the great-grandson and the great-granddaughter of the cousins of him whose degree of relationship is in question; the sons and daughters of the paternal great-great-uncle, the maternal great-great-uncle, the paternal great-great-aunt, and the maternal great-great-aunt, of those whose degree of relationship is in question. The same rule applies to the cousin of the great-grandfather and the great-grandmother. The great-great-great-grandson and the great-great-great-great-granddaughter of the brother or sister include one hundred and twenty-eight persons. The son and daughter of the great-great-great-great-grandson, and the son and daughter of the great-great-great-great-granddaughter : these also constitute a hundred and twenty-eight persons, because as the great-great-great-great-grandson and the great-great-great-great-granddaughter include sixty-four persons (as we have previously stated), their son and their daughter under the same enumeration will each include as many more.