De tutoribus et curatoribus datis ab his qui ius dandi habent, et qui et in quibus causis specialiter dari possunt
(Concerning guardians and curators who are appointed by those who have a legal right to do so, and who can be appointed expressly, and under what circumstances.)
1 Ulpianus libro trigesimo nono ad Sabinum. Sive proconsul sive praeses sive etiam praefectus Aegypti sive proconsulatum optineat provinciae vel temporis causa praeside defuncto vel quia ipsi provincia regenda commissa est, tutorem dare poterit. 1Legatus quoque proconsulis ex oratione divi Marci tutorem dare potest. 2Quod autem permittitur tutorem dare provinciae praesidi, eis tantum permittitur, [ed. maior qui] <ed. minor cui> sunt eiusdem provinciae vel ibidem domicilium habent.
1 Ulpianus, On Sabinus, Book XXXIX. A Proconsul, a Governor, and the Prefect of Egypt, or one who holds the office of Proconsul of a province temporarily, either on account of the death of the Governor, or because the administration of the province has been committed to him by the latter, can appoint a guardian. 1In accordance with a Rescript of the Divine Marcus, the Deputy of a Proconsul can also appoint a guardian. 2Where, however, the Governor of a province is permitted to appoint a guardian, he can only do so for those who were born in said province, or have their domicile therein.
2 Idem libro trigesimo quinto ad edictum. Cum quidam tutores dati appellassent, quidam autem non adessent, divus Pius rescripsit dandum temporarium tutorem, qui tutela fungatur.
2 The Same, On the Edict, Book XXXV. Where certain guardians are appointed, and some of them are not present, the Divine Pius stated in a Rescript that a temporary guardian should be appointed to perform the duties of the office.
3 Idem libro trigesimo sexto ad edictum. Ius dandi tutores datum est omnibus magistratibus municipalibus eoque iure utimur, sed illum, qui ab eodem municipio vel agro eiusdem municipii est.
3 The Same, On the Edict, Book XXXVI. The right to appoint guardians is conferred upon all municipal magistrates, and this is our practice; but the person appointed must be a resident of the same municipality, or of its territory and be subject to its jurisdiction.
4 Idem libro nono ad legem Iuliam et Papiam. Praetor ipse se tutorem dare non potest, sicut nec pedaneus iudex nec compromissarius ex sua sententia fieri potest.
4 The Same, On the Lex Julia et Papia, Book IX. The Prætor cannot appoint himself a guardian, just as a judge cannot appoint himself to a judicial office, or an arbiter be created by his own decision.
5 Gaius libro duodecimo ad edictum provinciale. Illud semper constitit praesidem posse tutorem dare tam absentem quam praesentem et tam praesenti quam absenti
5 Gaius, On the Provincial Edict, Book XII. It has always been settled that a Governor can appoint a guardian, whether the latter be absent or present, for a ward who is either present or absent;
6 Ulpianus libro octavo de omnibus tribunalibus. nec non ignoranti et invito.
6 Ulpianus, On All Tribunals, Book VIII. Even though the ward should be ignorant of the fact, and unwilling.
7 Idem libro primo de omnibus tribunalibus. Non tantum ad dotem dandam nupturae curatorem dari oportet, verum etiam ei quoque, quae iam nupta est. sed et ad dotem augendam datur et mutandae quoque dotis gratia curator dari potest.
7 The Same, On All Courts, Book I. Not only must a curator be appointed for a girl about to be married, for the bestowal of her dowry; but one must also be appointed for a minor who is already married. A curator is also appointed for the purpose of increasing the dowry, or in order that some change may be made with reference to it.
8 Idem libro octavo de omnibus tribunalibus. Nec mandante praeside alius tutorem dare poterit. 1Si praetor vel praeses provinciae in furore aut dementia constitutus dederit tutorem, non puto valere: quamvis enim praetor vel praeses sit nec furor ei magistratum abroget, attamen datio nullius erit momenti. 2Dari tutor omni die poterit. 3Furioso et furiosae et muto et surdo tutor vel curator a praetore vel praeside dari poterit.
8 The Same, On All Tribunals, Book VIII. Another person cannot appoint a guardian, even under the direction of a Governor. 1Where the Prætor or the Governor of a province appoints a guardian while he is insane or demented, I do not think that the appointment will be valid; for, even though he may still continue to be Prætor or Governor, and his insanity does not deprive him of his magistracy, still, the appointment made by him will be of no force or effect. 2A guardian can be appointed upon any day whatsoever. 3A guardian or a curator can be appointed by a Prætor or a Governor for a person of either sex who may have become insane, and for one who is dumb and deaf.
9 Marcianus libro nono institutionum. Impuberi ad hereditatem adeundam ut tutor detur, ex causa permissum est.
9 Marcianus, Institutes, Book IX. Where proper cause is shown, a guardian may be appointed for a minor who has not arrived at puberty, for the purpose of permitting him to enter upon an estate.
10 Idem libro quinto regularum. Tutor si petitus fuerit habenti, sed absente eo quasi non habenti datus sit, datio nulla est: nam et quoquo modo in petitione tutoris si erratum fuerit in facti causa, maxime post constitutionem divorum fratrum non valet tutoris datio.
10 The Same, Rules, Book V. When a petition is filed for the appointment of a guardian for a minor who has one that is absent, the appointment, made as if he did not have any, is void. For whenever, through ignorance of the facts, such a petition is filed for the appointment of a guardian, the appointment will not be valid, especially since the promulgation of a Constitution of the Divine Brothers relative to this subject.
11 Celsus libro undecimo digestorum. Curator pupillo vel pupillae non datur, si tutor eorum afuerit.
11 Celsus, Digest, Book XI. A curator shall not be appointed for a male or a female minor, if his or her guardian should be present.
12 Ulpianus libro tertio de officio proconsulis. His qui in ea causa sunt, ut superesse rebus suis non possint, dare curatorem proconsulem oportebit. 1Nec dubitabit filium quoque patri curatorem dare: quamvis enim contra sit apud Celsum et apud alios plerosque relatum, quasi indecorum sit patrem a filio regi, attamen divus Pius Instio Celeri, item divi fratres rescripserunt filium, si sobrie vivat, patri curatorem dandum magis quam extraneum. 2Divus Pius matris querellam de filiis prodigis admisit, ut curatorem accipiant, in haec verba: ‘Non est novum quosdam, etsi mentis suae videbuntur ex sermonibus compotes esse, tamen sic tractare bona ad se pertinentia, ut, nisi subveniatur is, deducantur in egestatem. eligendus itaque erit, qui eos consilio regat: nam aequum est prospicere nos etiam eis, qui quod ad bona ipsorum pertinet, furiosum faciunt exitum’.
12 Ulpianus, On the Office of Proconsul, Book III. The Proconsul must appoint a curator for those persons who are in such a condition that they cannot manage their own affairs. 1There is no doubt that a son can be appointed the curator of his father, although the contrary is stated by Celsus, and many other authorities, who hold that it is unseemly for a father to be subjected to the authority of his son; still, the Divine Pius, addressing Justius Celerius, and also the Divine Brothers, stated in Rescripts that it was better for a son who was well-behaved to be appointed the curator of his father, than that a stranger should be. 2The Divine Pius granted the request of a mother for the appointment of a curator for her spendthrift children in the following words: “There is nothing novel in the fact that certain persons, even though they appear to be of sound mind so far as their conversation is concerned, yet squander their property in such a way that, unless relief is granted them, they will be reduced to poverty. Therefore, someone should be chosen who may control them by his advice, for it is just that we should take care of those who, so far as relates to their property, act like persons who are insane.”
13 Papinianus libro undecimo quaestionum. Si impuberi libertas et hereditas per fideicommissum data sit et institutus adire nolit, senatus censuit eum, si impuberis nomine desideretur, adire cogendum, ut tamen pupillo pupillae tutor ab eo, cui ius dandi erit, detur, qui tutelam retineat, quoad restituatur hereditas et rem salvam fore ab herede caveatur. postea divus Hadrianus, ut idem in eo servetur, cui directa libertas data fuerit, rescripsit. 1Quamvis autem a patrono rem salvam pupillo fore non facile cautio exigatur, tamen senatus pro extraneo haberi voluit eum, qui, quod in ipso fuit, etiam libertate privavit impuberem: et ius quidem liberti, quod habet, quia ex causa fideicommissi manumittit, non est ei ablatum, tutela vero sine vinculo cautionis non committitur. quid ergo si non caveat? non dubie tutela non erit apud patronum. 2Sed si puella duodecimum annum impleverit, tutor desinit esse: quoniam tamen minoribus annorum desiderantibus curatores dari solent, si curator patronus petatur, fides inquisitionis pro vinculo cedet cautionis.
13 Papinianus, Questions, Book XI. Where freedom and an estate are granted to a slave under the age of puberty by means of a trust, and the appointed heir refuses to accept the estate, the Senate decreed that he can be forced to do so, if this is demanded in the name of the minor; just as a guardian may be appointed for a male or female minor by someone who has the right of appointment, and he will retain the guardianship until the estate is delivered, and security given by the heir for the preservation of the property. The Divine Hadrian subsequently stated in a Rescript that the same rule should be observed in the case of a slave to whom freedom had been directly bequeathed. 1Although security for the preservation of the property of a minor can not readily be exacted from a patron; still, the Senate desired that he should be considered as a stranger who had deprived the minor slave of his freedom, so far as it was in his power, and that he should not be deprived of the right over the freedman which he possessed because he manumitted him in compliance with the terms of the trust; but that the guardianship should not be entrusted to him without the execution of a bond. But what if he did not give security? There is no doubt that the patron would not be allowed to retain the guardianship. 2When a girl has completed her twelfth year, the guardian ceases to exercise his authority; still, as it is customary for guardians to be appointed for minors when they request it; if she should desire her patron to be appointed curator, his good faith having been ascertained by an inquiry, shall take the place of a bond.
14 Idem libro duodecimo quaestionum. Libertus non aliis patroni patronaeve liberis tutor esse cogitur, quam qui iura patronatus sperare possunt.
14 The Same, Questions, Book XII. A freedman cannot be compelled to become the guardian for the children of anyone but those of his patron or patroness, unless they have expectations of succeeding to the rights of the latter.
15 Paulus libro secundo ad edictum. In omnem rem curator dandus est in eius tutoris locum, qui rei publicae causa afuit:
15 Paulus, On the Edict, Book II. A curator should be appointed for the management of the entire business of the minor, instead of his guardian, where he is absent on business for the State.
16 Idem libro septuagesimo tertio ad edictum. nec ille desinit tutor esse. quod et in omnibus, qui ad tempus excusantur, iuris est.
16 The Same, On the Edict, Book LXXIII. The guardian does not cease to hold his office under these circumstances. This is the law with reference to all guardians who are temporarily excused.
17 Ulpianus libro nono ad edictum. Ei, qui de statu suo litigat, tutorem dari posse Pomponius scribit et verum est, ut ita demum teneat datio, si liber est.
17 Ulpianus, On the Edict, Book IX. Pomponius states that a guardian can be appointed for a minor who is engaged in litigation, for the purpose of establishing his civil status. This is correct, but the appointment will only be valid if the minor should be ascertained to be free.
18 Idem libro sexagesimo primo ad edictum. In dando tutore ex inquisitione et in eum inquiritur, qui senator est: et ita Severus rescripsit.
18 The Same, On the Edict, Book LXI. Where an, investigation is made with a view to the appointment of a guardian, this should also be done in the case of a Senator who is to become the guardian. This opinion Severus stated in a Rescript.
19 Paulus libro sexto decimo ad Plautium. Ubi absunt hi, qui tutores dare possunt, decuriones iubentur dare tutores, dummodo maior pars conveniat: ubi non est dubium, quin unum ex se dare possint. 1Magistratus municipalis collegam suum quin dare tutorem possit, non est dubium.
19 Paulus, On Plautius, Book XVI. Where those authorities who have a right to appoint guardians are absent, the Decurions are ordered to appoint them, provided the majority agree. There is no doubt that they can appoint one of their own number. 1There is no question that one of two municipal magistrates can appoint his colleague a guardian.
20 Modestinus libro septimo differentiarum. Ventri tutor a magistratibus populi Romani dari non potest, curator potest: nam de curatore constituendo edicto comprehensum est. 1Curatorem habenti quo minus alius curator detur, regula iuris non est impedimento.
20 Modestinus, Differences, Book VII. A guardian cannot be appointed for an unborn child by the magistrates of the Roman people, but a curator can be; for this is provided by the Edict relating to the appointment of a curator. 1The rule of law does not prevent another curator from being appointed for a person who already has one.
21 Idem libro primo excusationum. Εἰδέναι δεῖ τοὺς ἄρχοντας, ὅτι κουράτορας ἀφήλιξι γυναῖκας οὐ χειροτονήσουσιν. 1Ἐὰν μήτηρ ἐπὶ ταύτῃ τῇ αἱρέσει γράψῃ υἱοὺς κληρονόμους ἐὰν ἀπολυθῶσι τῆς τοῦ πατρὸς ἐξουσίας, ἀπολυθέντων τούτων καὶ διὰ τοῦτο κληρονομησάντων αὐτὸς ὁ πατὴρ κουράτωρ χειροτονηθῆναι οὐ δύναται, κἂν βούληται, ἵνα μὴ ἄλλῃ ὁδῷ τοῦτο ὅπερ οὐκ ἠβουλήθη ἡ διαθεμένη γένηται. καὶ τοῦτο οὕτως ὑπὸ τοῦ θείου Σεβήρου νενομοθέτηται. 2Ἀλλὰ κἄν τις ἀπὸ γονέων κωλυθῇ ἐπιτροπεύειν, τοῦτον οὔτε χειροτονεῖσθαι προσήκει· κἂν χειροτονηθεὶς μὴ παραιτήσηται, κωλύεσθαι αὐτὸν ἐπιτροπεύειν μενούσης τῆς ἐπιτιμίας. 3Τοὺς ἐν πρεσβείᾳ ὄντας μὴ χειροτονείτωσαν ἐπιτρόπους ἢ κουράτορας οἱ ἄρχοντες, ἐπειδήπερ παρ’ ὃν χρόνον πρεσβεύουσιν, ὁ κίνδυνος αὐτοῖς οὐ διαφέρει. 4Ἐὰν ἐπαρχιακὸν ἄνθρωπον πρεσβεύοντα ὁ ἐν Ῥώμῃ ἄρχων δῷ ἐπίτροπον, ἀφεθήσεται. 5Πρὸς τοῖς λοιποῖς δικαίοις δεῖ τὸν ἄρχοντα καὶ τοὺς τρόπους τῶν μελλόντων χειροτονηθήσεσθαι σκοπεῖν· οὔτε γὰρ οὐσία οὔτε ἀξίωμα οὕτως ἱκανὸν πρὸς πίστιν, ὡς ἀγαθὴ προαίρεσις καὶ χρηστοὶ τρόποι. 6Διὰ παντὸς δὲ μάλιστα τοῦτο παρατηρείτωσαν οἱ ἄρχοντες μὴ χειροτονεῖν τοὺς βουλομένους ἐπιρρίπτειν ἑαυτούς, ἵνα χειροτονηθῶσι, καὶ ἀργύριον διδόντασ· τούτους γὰρ καὶ κολάσει ὑπευθύνους εἶναι νενομοθέτηται.
21 The Same, Excuses, Book I. The magistrates should be informed that they cannot appoint women the curators of minors. 1If a mother should appoint her children her heirs under the condition that they shall be free from the authority of their father, and they should become free and heirs for this reason, their father cannot be appointed their curator, even if he should desire it; in order to prevent what the testatrix was unwilling to take place from being done. This rule was established by the Divine Severus. 2Where anyone has been forbidden to be a guardian by the parents of the minor, he cannot be appointed by the magistrates, and if he should be appointed, he can be prevented from acting as guardian without prejudice to his reputation. 3Magistrates cannot appoint as guardians or curators persons who are on an embassy; because during the time that they are so employed, the responsibility of guardianship does not attach to them. 4If a chief magistrate at Rome appoints as guardian a man of a province who is employed in the business of an embassy, he shall be discharged. 5It is necessary for a magistrate, among other things, to inquire into the morals of the parties to be appointed guardians, for neither their means nor their rank are sufficient to establish their integrity, or take the place of benevolent intentions and affable manners. 6The magistrate should be especially careful not to appoint those who thrust themselves forward for that purpose, or who offer bribes; for it has been established that such persons are liable to punishment.
22 Idem libro quinto excusationum. Καὶ οἱ μὴ βουλευταὶ βουλευτῶν παισὶ χειροτονοῦνται ἐπίτροποι, ὥσπερ καὶ βουλευταὶ τοῖς μὴ ἐκ βουλευτῶν.
22 The Same, Excuses, Book V. Those who are not of Consular or Senatorial dignity can be appointed guardians for persons of that rank; just as persons of Consular or Senatorial dignity can be appointed for those who are not of that rank.
23 Idem libro quarto pandectarum. Simul plures tutores dari possunt.
23 The Same, Pandects, Book IV. Several guardians may be appointed at the same time.
24 Paulus libro nono responsorum. ‘Divi Marcus et verus Cornelio Proculo. si quando desint in civitate, ex qua pupilli oriundi sunt, qui idonei videantur esse tutores, officium sit magistratuum inquirere ex vicinis civitatibus honestissimum quemque et nomina praesidi provinciae mittere, non ipsos arbitrium dandi sibi vindicare’.
24 Paulus, Opinions, Book IX. The Divine Marcus and Verus to Cornelius Proculus: “Whenever suitable persons to be appointed guardians cannot be found in the city of which the minors are natives, it shall be the duty of the magistrates to make inquiry in the neighboring towns for persons of excellent reputation, and send their names to the Governor of the province, but they cannot themselves claim the right to appoint them.”
25 Idem libro decimo responsorum. Curatorem impuberi datum quacumque ex causa perseverare in diem pubertatis in eadem cura respondi: ergo post pubertatem alium curatorem sibi petere debebit.
25 The Same, Opinions, Book XII. Where a curator is appointed for a minor for any reason whatsoever, he will continue to exercise his curatorship until the minor arrives at the age of puberty. After that time, the minor should request that another curator be appointed for him.
26 Scaevola libro secundo responsorum. Seiae egressae annos duodecim decreto praetoris ex inquisitione datus est tutor quasi minori: quaero an excusare se deberet. respondi secundum ea quae proponerentur neque excusationem necessariam esse neque obligari quod non gereret.
26 Scævola, Opinions, Book II. By a decree of the Prætor, a guardian was appointed for Seia, who had passed the age of twelve years, after an investigation had been made, just as in the case of a minor. I ask whether he should be excused? I answered that, according to the facts stated, an excuse was not necessary, and that he could not be held liable for not assuming the guardianship.
27 Hermogenianus libro secundo iuris epitomatorum. Pupillo, qui tam Romae quam in provincia facultates habet, rerum quae sunt Romae praetor, provincialium praeses tutorem dare potest. 1Libertino tutores liberti dandi sunt: sed et si ingenuus detur nec se excusaverit, tutor perseverabit.
27 Hermogenianus, Epitomes of Law, Book II. The Prætor can appoint a guardian for the transaction of business at Rome, where the minor has property in the province, as well as at Rome; and the Governor of the province can appoint one for the administration of his affairs in the province. 1Freedmen should be appointed guardians for other freedmen, but even if a freeborn man should be appointed, he will continue to be guardian, unless he can give a good reason for being excused.
28 Paulus libro secundo decretorum. Romanius Appulus ab iudice appellaverat dicens se non debuisse dari in tutela collegam ei, quem ipse, cum magistratus esset, nominasset suo periculo, ne in una tutela duplex periculum sustineret. decrevit imperator posse quem et fideiussorem pro tutore esse et nihilo minus tutorem dari: itaque detentus est in tutela.
28 Paulus, Decrees, Book II. Romanius Appulus took an appeal from a judge, alleging that his colleague should not have been appointed with him in the guardianship, for the reason that the latter had been appointed by him while he was acting magistrate, on his own responsibility, to avoid his being subjected to a double liability, growing out of a single guardianship. The Emperor decreed that the same party could be surety for a guardian, and, nevertheless, be appointed a guardian. Therefore, he was retained in the guardianship.
29 Idem libro singulari de cognitionibus. Si peregre agant qui tutores vel curatores dati sunt, ut intra diem trigesimum notum his a magistratibus fiat, divus Marcus rescripsit.
29 The Same, Concerning Judicial Inquiries. If persons who are appointed guardians or curators are at a distance; the Divine Marcus stated in a Rescript that they should be notified by the magistrates of their appointment, within thirty days.