Corpus iurisprudentiae Romanae

Repertorium zu den Quellen des römischen Rechts

Digesta Iustiniani Augusti

Recognovit Mommsen (1870) et retractavit Krüger (1928)
Convertit in Anglica lingua Scott (1932)
Dig. XX2,
In quibus causis pignus vel hypotheca tacite contrahitur
Liber vicesimus
II.

In quibus causis pignus vel hypotheca tacite contrahitur

(In What Cases a Pledge or an Hypothecation Is Tacitly Contracted.)

1Pa­pi­nia­nus li­bro de­ci­mo re­spon­so­rum. Se­na­tus con­sul­to quod sub Mar­co im­pe­ra­to­re fac­tum est pig­nus in­su­lae cre­di­to­ri da­tum, qui pe­cu­niam ob re­sti­tu­tio­nem ae­di­fi­cii ex­struen­di mu­tuam de­dit, ad eum quo­que per­ti­ne­bit, qui red­emp­to­ri do­mi­no man­dan­te num­mos mi­nis­tra­vit.

1Papinianus, Opinions, Book X. By a decree of the Senate enacted under the Emperor Marcus, the pledge of a house given to a creditor who had lent the money to repair the building, will also extend to him who furnished the money, at the direction of the owner, to the workman who made the repairs.

2Mar­cia­nus li­bro sin­gu­la­ri ad for­mu­lam hy­po­the­ca­riam. Pom­po­nius li­bro qua­dra­ge­si­mo va­ria­rum lec­tio­num scri­bit: non so­lum pro pen­sio­ni­bus, sed et si de­te­rio­rem ha­bi­ta­tio­nem fe­ce­rit cul­pa sua in­qui­li­nus, quo no­mi­ne ex lo­ca­to cum eo erit ac­tio, in­vec­ta et il­la­ta pig­no­ri erunt ob­li­ga­ta.

2Marcianus, On the Hypothecary Formula. Pomponius, in the Fortieth Book of Various Extracts, said that, “Everything brought into a house by a lessee was pledged, not only for the rent but also for any deterioration of the property caused by neglect of the tenant, on account of which the owner would be entitled to an action on lease against him.”

3Ul­pia­nus li­bro sep­tua­ge­si­mo ter­tio ad edic­tum. Si hor­reum fuit con­duc­tum vel de­vor­so­rium vel area, ta­ci­tam con­ven­tio­nem de in­vec­tis il­la­tis et­iam in his lo­cum ha­be­re pu­tat Ne­ra­tius: quod ve­rius est.

3Ad Dig. 20,2,3ROHGE, Bd. 6 (1872), S. 281: Pfandrecht des Vermiethers an den eingebrachten zum Verkaufe bestimmten Waaren des Miethers. Zeitweise und dauernde Bestimmung der Verwendung.Ulpianus, On the Edict, Book LXXIII. Neratius thinks that where a warehouse is leased, whether the agreement refers to other things or only to the space occupied, a tacit agreement exists with reference to whatever is placed therein, and that the rule also applies in this instance; which is correct.

4Ne­ra­tius li­bro pri­mo mem­bra­na­rum. Eo iu­re uti­mur, ut quae in prae­dia ur­ba­na in­duc­ta il­la­ta sunt pig­no­ri es­se cre­dan­tur, qua­si id ta­ci­te con­ve­ne­rit: in rus­ti­cis prae­diis con­tra ob­ser­va­tur. 1Sta­bu­la quae non sunt in con­ti­nen­ti­bus ae­di­fi­ciis quo­rum prae­dio­rum ea nu­me­ro ha­ben­da sint, du­bi­ta­ri pot­est. et qui­dem ur­ba­no­rum si­ne du­bio non sunt, cum a ce­te­ris ae­di­fi­ciis se­pa­ra­ta sint: quod ad cau­sam ta­men ta­lis ta­ci­ti pig­no­ris per­ti­net, non mul­tum ab ur­ba­nis prae­diis dif­fe­runt.

4Neratius, Parchments, Book I. It is our practice that whatever is placed on urban estates is considered to be pledged, as it were, by tacit agreement; in rustic estates, however, the contrary rule is observed. 1Ad Dig. 20,2,4,1ROHGE, Bd. 6 (1872), S. 281: Pfandrecht des Vermiethers an den eingebrachten zum Verkaufe bestimmten Waaren des Miethers. Zeitweise und dauernde Bestimmung der Verwendung.Can it be doubted whether stables which are not joined to other buildings should be considered as being included in these estates? And, indeed, there is no question with respect to urban estates, since they are separated from other buildings. However, with reference to a tacit pledge of this kind, they do not differ greatly from urban estates.

5Mar­cia­nus li­bro sin­gu­la­ri ad for­mu­lam hy­po­the­ca­riam. Pom­po­nius li­bro ter­tio de­ci­mo va­ria­rum lec­tio­num scri­bit, si gra­tui­tam ha­bi­ta­tio­nem con­duc­tor mi­hi prae­sti­te­rit, in­vec­ta a me do­mi­no in­su­lae pig­no­ri non es­se. 1Item: il­lud, in­quit, vi­den­dum est vo­lun­ta­te do­mi­ni in­du­ci pig­nus ita pos­se, ut in par­tem de­bi­ti sit ob­li­ga­tum. 2Si quis fi­de­iu­beat, cum res il­lius a de­bi­to­re pro quo fi­de­ius­sit pig­no­ri da­ta sit, bel­lis­si­me in­tel­le­gi­tur hoc ip­so, quod fi­de­iu­beat, quo­dam­mo­do man­da­re res suas es­se ob­li­ga­tas. sa­ne si post­ea sint eius res hy­po­the­cae da­tae, non erunt ob­li­ga­tae.

5Marcianus, On the Hypothecary Formula. Pomponius states, in the Thirteenth Book of Various Extracts, that if a lessee gives me a gratuitous lodging in a house which he has rented, any personal property brought there by me will not be considered to be tacitly pledged to the other of the house. 1He also says that it should be considered that a pledge can be brought in by the consent of the owner in such a way that it may be liable for a portion of the indebtedness. 2Where anyone becomes a surety, and his property has been given in pledge by the debtor for whom he became responsible, it is certainly understood by this act of giving security that he has, so to speak, directed his property to be liable for the debt. If, however, his property is hypothecated subsequently to his becoming surety, it will not be legally encumbered.

6Ul­pia­nus li­bro sep­tua­ge­si­mo ter­tio ad edic­tum. Li­cet in prae­diis ur­ba­nis ta­ci­te so­let con­ven­tum ac­ci­pi, ut per­in­de te­nean­tur in­vec­ta et in­la­ta, ac si spe­cia­li­ter con­ve­nis­set, cer­te li­ber­ta­ti hu­ius­mo­di pig­nus non of­fi­cit id­que et Pom­po­nius pro­bat: ait enim ma­nu­mis­sio­ni non of­fi­ce­re ob ha­bi­ta­tio­nem ob­li­ga­tum.

6Ulpianus, On the Edict, Book LXXIII. Although, in the case of urban estates, it is customary to understand that a tacit agreement was entered into to the effect that the property which is brought or placed in the house is liable, just as if an express contract had been made with reference thereto; it is certain that a pledge of this kind does not affect the freedom of a slave. This opinion Pomponius approves, for he says that it does not, in any way, hinder manumission, where the pledge is liable for the rent.

7Pom­po­nius li­bro ter­tio de­ci­mo ex va­riis lec­tio­ni­bus. In prae­diis rus­ti­cis fruc­tus qui ibi nas­cun­tur ta­ci­te in­tel­le­gun­tur pig­no­ri es­se do­mi­no fun­di lo­ca­ti, et­iam­si no­mi­na­tim id non con­ve­ne­rit. 1Vi­den­dum est, ne non om­nia il­la­ta vel in­duc­ta, sed ea so­la, quae, ut ibi sint, il­la­ta fue­rint, pig­no­ri sint: quod ma­gis est.

7Pomponius, Various Extracts, Book XIII. The crops produced upon rustic estates are understood to be tacitly pledged to the owner of the land which is leased, even if there is no express agreement to that effect. 1Ad Dig. 20,2,7,1ROHGE, Bd. 6 (1872), S. 281: Pfandrecht des Vermiethers an den eingebrachten zum Verkaufe bestimmten Waaren des Miethers. Zeitweise und dauernde Bestimmung der Verwendung.Let us consider whether everything that has been brought or placed in a house is pledged, or only such property as has been brought to be kept there. The latter is the better opinion.

8Pau­lus li­bro se­cun­do sen­ten­tia­rum. Cum de­bi­tor gra­tui­ta pe­cu­nia uta­tur, pot­est cre­di­tor de fruc­ti­bus rei si­bi pig­ne­ra­tae ad mo­dum le­gi­ti­mum usu­ras re­ti­ne­re.

8Paulus, Sentences, Book II. If a debtor uses money lent to him without interest, the creditor can retain for himself the profits of the encumbered property to the amount of the legal rate of interest.

9Idem li­bro sin­gu­la­ri de of­fi­cio prae­fec­ti vi­gi­lum. Est dif­fe­ren­tia ob­li­ga­to­rum prop­ter pen­sio­nem et eo­rum, quae ex con­ven­tio­ne ma­ni­fes­ta­ri pig­no­ris no­mi­ne te­nen­tur, quod ma­nu­mit­te­re man­ci­pia ob­li­ga­ta pig­no­ri non pos­su­mus, in­ha­bi­tan­tes au­tem ma­nu­mit­ti­mus, sci­li­cet an­te­quam pen­sio­nis no­mi­ne per­clu­da­mur: tunc enim pig­no­ris no­mi­ne re­ten­ta man­ci­pia non li­be­ra­bi­mus: et de­ri­sus Ner­va iu­ris con­sul­tus, qui per fe­nes­tram mons­tra­ve­rat ser­vos de­ten­tos ob pen­sio­nem li­be­ra­ri pos­se.

9The Same, On the Duties of the Prefect of the Night Watch. A difference exists between property tacitly liable for rent and such as is encumbered by agreement on account of a manifest pledge; for we cannot manumit slaves which have been pledged, but we can manumit those residing in a house who are tacitly liable for the rent; provided we do this before they are seized on account of nonpayment of rent, for then we cannot liberate slaves which have been detained by way of pledge. Nerva, the jurist, deserves to be ridiculed for stating that slaves who have been detained as security for rent can be liberated by merely showing them at a window.

10Scae­vo­la li­bro sex­to di­ges­to­rum. Tu­to­ris he­res cum he­rede pu­pil­li trans­ac­tio­ne fac­ta, cum ex ea ma­io­rem par­tem sol­vis­set, in re­si­duam quan­ti­ta­tem pig­nus ob­li­ga­vit: quae­si­tum est, an in ve­te­rem con­trac­tum iu­re res ob­li­ga­ta es­set. re­spon­dit se­cun­dum ea quae pro­po­ne­ren­tur ob­li­ga­tam es­se.

10Scævola, Digest, Book VI. The heir of a guardian entered into an agreement with the heir of the ward, and when he had paid the greater amount of the debt, he gave a pledge for the remainder. The question arose whether the property was legally encumbered under the original contract. The answer was that, in accordance with the facts stated, it was encumbered.