In quibus causis pignus vel hypotheca tacite contrahitur
(In what cases a pledge of an hypothecation is tacitly contracted.)
1 Papinianus libro decimo responsorum. Senatus consulto quod sub Marco imperatore factum est pignus insulae creditori datum, qui pecuniam ob restitutionem aedificii exstruendi mutuam dedit, ad eum quoque pertinebit, qui redemptori domino mandante nummos ministravit.
1 Papinianus, Opinions, Book X. By a decree of the Senate enacted under the Emperor Marcus, the pledge of a house given to a creditor who had lent the money to repair the building, will also extend to him who furnished the money, at the direction of the owner, to the workman who made the repairs.
2 Marcianus libro singulari ad formulam hypothecariam. Pomponius libro quadragesimo variarum lectionum scribit: non solum pro pensionibus, sed et si deteriorem habitationem fecerit culpa sua inquilinus, quo nomine ex locato cum eo erit actio, invecta et illata pignori erunt obligata.
2 Marcianus, On the Hypothecary Formula. Pomponius, in the Fortieth Book of Various Extracts, said that, “Everything brought into a house by a lessee was pledged, not only for the rent but also for any deterioration of the property caused by neglect of the tenant, on account of which the owner would be entitled to an action on lease against him.”
3 Ulpianus libro septuagesimo tertio ad edictum. Si horreum fuit conductum vel devorsorium vel area, tacitam conventionem de invectis illatis etiam in his locum habere putat Neratius: quod verius est.
3 Ulpianus, On the Edict, Book LXXIII. Neratius thinks that where a warehouse is leased, whether the agreement refers to other things or only to the space occupied, a tacit agreement exists with reference to whatever is placed therein, and that the rule also applies in this instance; which is correct.
4 Neratius libro primo membranarum. Eo iure utimur, ut quae in praedia urbana inducta illata sunt pignori esse credantur, quasi id tacite convenerit: in rusticis praediis contra observatur. 1Stabula quae non sunt in continentibus aedificiis quorum praediorum ea numero habenda sint, dubitari potest. et quidem urbanorum sine dubio non sunt, cum a ceteris aedificiis separata sint: quod ad causam tamen talis taciti pignoris pertinet, non multum ab urbanis praediis differunt.
4 Neratius, Parchments, Book I. It is our practice that whatever is placed on urban estates is considered to be pledged, as it were, by tacit agreement; in rustic estates, however, the contrary rule is observed. 1Can it be doubted whether stables which are not joined to other buildings should be considered as being included in these estates? And, indeed, there is no question with respect to urban estates, since they are separated from other buildings. However, with reference to a tacit pledge of this kind, they do not differ greatly from urban estates.
5 Marcianus libro singulari ad formulam hypothecariam. Pomponius libro tertio decimo variarum lectionum scribit, si gratuitam habitationem conductor mihi praestiterit, invecta a me domino insulae pignori non esse. 1Item: illud, inquit, videndum est voluntate domini induci pignus ita posse, ut in partem debiti sit obligatum. 2Si quis fideiubeat, cum res illius a debitore pro quo fideiussit pignori data sit, bellissime intellegitur hoc ipso, quod fideiubeat, quodammodo mandare res suas esse obligatas. sane si postea sint eius res hypothecae datae, non erunt obligatae.
5 Marcianus, On the Hypothecary Formula. Pomponius states, in the Thirteenth Book of Various Extracts, that if a lessee gives me a gratuitous lodging in a house which he has rented, any personal property brought there by me will not be considered to be tacitly pledged to the other of the house. 1He also says that it should be considered that a pledge can be brought in by the consent of the owner in such a way that it may be liable for a portion of the indebtedness. 2Where anyone becomes a surety, and his property has been given in pledge by the debtor for whom he became responsible, it is certainly understood by this act of giving security that he has, so to speak, directed his property to be liable for the debt. If, however, his property is hypothecated subsequently to his becoming surety, it will not be legally encumbered.
6 Ulpianus libro septuagesimo tertio ad edictum. Licet in praediis urbanis tacite solet conventum accipi, ut perinde teneantur invecta et inlata, ac si specialiter convenisset, certe libertati huiusmodi pignus non officit idque et Pomponius probat: ait enim manumissioni non officere ob habitationem obligatum.
6 Ulpianus, On the Edict, Book LXXIII. Although, in the case of urban estates, it is customary to understand that a tacit agreement was entered into to the effect that the property which is brought or placed in the house is liable, just as if an express contract had been made with reference thereto; it is certain that a pledge of this kind does not affect the freedom of a slave. This opinion Pomponius approves, for he says that it does not, in any way, hinder manumission, where the pledge is liable for the rent.
7 Pomponius libro tertio decimo ex variis lectionibus. In praediis rusticis fructus qui ibi nascuntur tacite intelleguntur pignori esse domino fundi locati, etiamsi nominatim id non convenerit. 1Videndum est, ne non omnia illata vel inducta, sed ea sola, quae, ut ibi sint, illata fuerint, pignori sint: quod magis est.
7 Pomponius, Various Extracts, Book XIII. The crops produced upon rustic estates are understood to be tacitly pledged to the owner of the land which is leased, even if there is no express agreement to that effect. 1Let us consider whether everything that has been brought or placed in a house is pledged, or only such property as has been brought to be kept there. The latter is the better opinion.
8 Paulus libro secundo sententiarum. Cum debitor gratuita pecunia utatur, potest creditor de fructibus rei sibi pigneratae ad modum legitimum usuras retinere.
8 Paulus, Sentences, Book II. If a debtor uses money lent to him without interest, the creditor can retain for himself the profits of the encumbered property to the amount of the legal rate of interest.
9 Idem libro singulari de officio praefecti vigilum. Est differentia obligatorum propter pensionem et eorum, quae ex conventione manifestari pignoris nomine tenentur, quod manumittere mancipia obligata pignori non possumus, inhabitantes autem manumittimus, scilicet antequam pensionis nomine percludamur: tunc enim pignoris nomine retenta mancipia non liberabimus: et derisus Nerva iuris consultus, qui per fenestram monstraverat servos detentos ob pensionem liberari posse.
9 The Same, On the Duties of the Prefect of the Night Watch. A difference exists between property tacitly liable for rent and such as is encumbered by agreement on account of a manifest pledge; for we cannot manumit slaves which have been pledged, but we can manumit those residing in a house who are tacitly liable for the rent; provided we do this before they are seized on account of nonpayment of rent, for then we cannot liberate slaves which have been detained by way of pledge. Nerva, the jurist, deserves to be ridiculed for stating that slaves who have been detained as security for rent can be liberated by merely showing them at a window.
10 Scaevola libro sexto digestorum. Tutoris heres cum herede pupilli transactione facta, cum ex ea maiorem partem solvisset, in residuam quantitatem pignus obligavit: quaesitum est, an in veterem contractum iure res obligata esset. respondit secundum ea quae proponerentur obligatam esse.
10 Scævola, Digest, Book VI. The heir of a guardian entered into an agreement with the heir of the ward, and when he had paid the greater amount of the debt, he gave a pledge for the remainder. The question arose whether the property was legally encumbered under the original contract. The answer was that, in accordance with the facts stated, it was encumbered.