De senatoribus
(Concerning Senators.)
1 Ulpianus libro sexagensimo secundo ad edictum. Consulari feminae utique consularem virum praeferendum nemo ambigit. sed vir praefectorius an consulari feminae praeferatur, videndum. putem praeferri, quia maior dignitas est in sexu virili. 1Consulares autem feminas dicimus consularium uxores: adicit Saturninus etiam matres, quod nec usquam relatum est nec umquam receptum.
1 Ulpianus, On the Edict, Book LXII. No one doubts that a man of consular rank should always take precedence of a woman of consular rank, but it is a matter for consideration whether a man of præfectorian rank takes precedence of a woman of consular rank. I think that he does take precedence of her, because greater dignity attaches to the male sex. 1We call the wives of consuls women of consular rank, and Saturninus extends this quality to their mothers, but this is not stated anywhere else and it is nowhere admitted.
2 Marcellus libro tertio digestorum. Cassius Longinus non putat ei permittendum, qui propter turpitudinem senatu motus nec restitutus est, iudicare vel testimonium dicere, quia lex Iulia repetundarum hoc fieri vetat.
2 Marcellus, Digest, Book III. Cassius Longinus is of the opinion that when a man has been expelled from the Senate for infamous behaviour, and has not been reinstated, he should not be permitted to preside in court, or testify as a witness; for the reason that the Lex Julia forbids this to be done in cases of extortion.
3 Modestinus libro sexto regularum. Senatorem remotum senatu capite non minui, sed Romae morari, divus Severus et Antoninus permiserunt.
3 Modestinus, Rules, Book VI. A Senator who has been expelled from the Senate does not lose his citizenship; and the Divine Severus and Antoninus even permitted him to live at Rome.
4 Pomponius libro duodecimo ex variis lectionibus. Qui indignus est inferiore ordine, indignior est superiore.
4 Pomponius, From Various Passages, Book XII. Whoever is unworthy of a lower rank is still more unworthy of a higher one.
5 Ulpianus libro primo ad legem Iuliam et Papiam. Senatoris filium accipere debemus non tantum eum qui naturalis est, verum adoptivum quoque: neque intererit, a quo vel qualiter adoptatus fuerit nec interest, iam in senatoria dignitate constitutus eum susceperit an ante dignitatem senatoriam.
5 Ulpianus, On the Lex Julia et Papia, Book I. We should understand by the terms “the son of a Senator”, not only a natural son but also an adopted one, and it does not matter by whom or in what way he has been adopted. Nor does it make any difference whether he was already invested with Senatorial rank when he adopted him, or whether this was done subsequently.
6 Paulus libro secundo ad legem Iuliam et Papiam. Senatoris filius est et is, quem in adoptionem accepit, quamdiu tamen in familia eius manet: emancipatus vero nomen filii emancipatione amittit. 1A senatore in adoptionem filius datus ei qui inferioris dignitatis est, quasi senatoris filius videtur, quia non amittitur senatoria dignitas adoptione inferioris dignitatis, non magis quam ut consularis desinat esse.
6 Paulus, On the Lex Julia et Papia, Book II. A son adopted by a Senator continues to be such as long as he remains in his family; but when he is emancipated, then by the emancipation he loses the name of son. 1When a son is given in adoption by a Senator to a person of inferior rank he is always considered the son of a Senator; because the Senatorial dignity is not lost by an adoption arising from an inferior station, any more than anyone would cease to be of consular dignity under similar circumstances.
7 Ulpianus libro primo ad legem Iuliam et Papiam. Emancipatum a patre senatore quasi senatoris filium haberi placet. 1Item Labeo scribit etiam eum, qui post mortem patris senatoris natus sit, quasi senatoris filium esse. sed eum, qui posteaquam pater eius de senatu motus est, concipitur et nascitur, Proculus et Pegasus opinantur non esse quasi senatoris filium, quorum sententia vera est: nec enim proprie senatoris filius dicetur is, cuius pater senatu motus est antequam iste nasceretur. si quis conceptus quidem sit, antequam pater eius senatu moveatur, natus autem post patris amissam dignitatem, magis est ut quasi senatoris filius intellegatur: tempus enim conceptionis spectandum plerisque placuit. 2Si quis et patrem et avum habuerit senatorem, et quasi filius et quasi nepos senatoris intellegitur. sed si pater amiserit dignitatem ante conceptionem huius, quaeri poterit an, quamvis quasi senatoris filius non intellegatur, quasi nepos tamen intellegi debeat: et magis est ut debeat, ut avi potius ei dignitas prosit, quam obsit casus patris.
7 Ulpianus, On the Lex Julia et Papia, Book I. It is established that the son of a Senator emancipated by his father is always considered a Senator’s son. 1Labeo also declares that a child born after the death of his father who was a Senator, shall be considered the son of the Senator. Proculus and Pegasus are of the opinion, however, that a child who was conceived and born after the expulsion of its father from the Senate, should not be considered a Senator’s son. This opinion is correct, for he whose father has been expelled from the Senate before he was born, cannot properly be called the son of a Senator; but where a child has been conceived before its father was expelled from the Senate, and born after his father had lost his rank, the better opinion is that he should be understood to be the son of a Senator. It is held by many that the time of conception should only be considered under such circumstances. 2Anyone whose father and grandfather have been Senators is understood to be both the son and the grandson of a Senator; if, however, his father lost his rank before the conception of the former, the question might arise whether he should not be considered the grandson of a Senator, even though he was no longer regarded as the son of one? It is the better opinion that he ought to be, so that the rank of his grandfather may be of advantage to him, rather than he should be injured by the condition of his father.
8 Idem libro sexto fideicommissorum. Feminae nuptae clarissimis personis clarissimarum personarum appellatione continentur. clarissimarum feminarum nomine senatorum filiae, nisi quae viros clarissimos sortitae sunt, non habentur: feminis enim dignitatem clarissimam mariti tribuunt, parentes vero, donec plebeii nuptiis fuerint copulatae: tamdiu igitur clarissima femina erit, quamdiu senatori nupta est vel clarissimo aut separata ab eo alii inferioris dignitatis non nupsit.
8 The Same, Trusts, Book VI. Women who are married to persons of illustrious rank are included in the appellation of illustrious persons. The daughters of Senators are not known by the name of illustrious women, unless they have obtained husbands of eminent dignity, for their husbands confer illustrious rank upon them; but parents, indeed, do so, so long as they are not connected with plebeian families. Therefore, a woman is of illustrious rank while she is married to a Senator or a distinguished man; or, having been separated from him, she has not married a person of inferior station.
9 Papinianus libro quarto responsorum. Filiam senatoris nuptias liberti secutam patris casus non facit uxorem: nam quaesita dignitas liberis propter casum patris remoti a senatu auferenda non est.
9 Papinianus, Opinions, Book IV. When the daughter of a Senator marries a freeman, the condition of her father does not make her a wife; since, on the other hand, where her father had been expelled from the Senate, his children should not be deprived of the rank which they have obtained.
10 Ulpianus libro trigensimo quarto ad edictum. Liberos senatorum accipere debemus non tantum senatorum filios, verum omnes, qui geniti ex ipsis exve liberis eorum dicantur, sive naturales sive adoptivi sint liberi senatorum, ex quibus nati dicuntur. sed si ex filia senatoris natus sit, spectare debemus patris eius condicionem.
10 Ulpianus, On the Edict, Book XXXIV. We should consider the children of Senators to be not only their sons, but also all those descended from them or from their children, whether they be the natural or adopted offspring of the Senators from whom they are said to have descended; but in the case of a child, born to the daughter of a Senator, we must examine the condition of the father.
11 Paulus libro quadragensimo primo ad edictum. Senatores licet in urbe domicilium habere videantur, tamen et ibi, unde oriundi sunt, habere domicilium intelleguntur, quia dignitas domicilii adiectionem potius dedisse quam permutasse videtur.
11 Paulus, On the Edict, Book XLI. Senators are always considered to have their residence at Rome; still, they are understood to have a residence in the place where they were born, for the reason that the rank of Senator is considered rather to give an additional domicile than to change the old one.
12 Ulpianus libro secundo de censibus. Nuptae prius consulari viro impetrare solent a principe, quamvis perraro, ut nuptae iterum minoris dignitatis viro nihilominus in consulari maneant dignitate: ut scio Antoninum Augustum Iuliae Mamaeae consobrinae suae indulsisse. 1Senatores autem accipiendum est eos, qui a patriciis et consulibus usque ad omnes illustres viros descendunt, quia et hi soli in senatu sententiam dicere possunt.
12 Ulpianus, On Registers of the Censor, Book II. Women married in the first place to men of consular dignity, and afterwards to men of inferior station, sometimes, though rarely, despite this obtain from the Emperor the privilege of retaining their consular rank; for I know that Antoninus Augustus favored his cousin Julia Mammæ in this respect. 1Those are to be considered persons of Senatorial rank who are descended from patricians and consuls, or any illustrious men; because these alone have the right to give their opinions in the Senate.