De adoptionibus et emancipationibus et aliis modis quibus potestas solvitur
(Concerning adoptions and emancipations, and other methods by which paternal authority is dissolved.)
1 Modestinus libro secundo regularum. Filios familias non solum natura, verum et adoptiones faciunt. 1Quod adoptionis nomen est quidem generale, in duas autem species dividitur, quarum altera adoptio similiter dicitur, altera adrogatio. adoptantur filii familias, adrogantur qui sui iuris sunt.
1 Modestinus, Rules, Book II. Sons of families are not only created by nature but also by adoption. 1The term “adoption” is one of general signification, and includes two kinds; one of which is likewise styled adoption, the other arrogation. The sons of families are adopted; those who are their own masters are arrogated.
2 Gaius libro primo institutionum. Generalis enim adoptio duobus modis fit, aut principis auctoritate aut magistratus imperio. principis auctoritate adoptamus eos qui sui iuris sunt: quae species adoptionis dicitur adrogatio, quia et is qui adoptat rogatur, id est interrogatur, an velit eum quem adoptaturus sit iustum sibi filium esse, et is qui adoptatur rogatur, an id fieri patiatur. imperio magistratus adoptamus eos qui in potestate parentis sunt, sive primum gradum liberorum optineant, qualis est filius filia, sive inferiorem, qualis est nepos neptis, pronepos proneptis. 1Illud utriusque adoptionis commune est, quod et hi qui generare non possunt, quales sunt spadones, adoptare possunt. 2Hoc vero proprium est eius adoptionis, quae per principem fit, quod is qui liberos in potestate habet si se adrogandum dederit, non solum ipse potestati adrogatoris subicitur, sed et liberi eius in eiusdem fiunt potestate tamquam nepotes.
2 Gaius, Institutes, Book I. Adoption, generally speaking, takes place in two ways, either by the authority of the Emperor, or by the order of a magistrate. We adopt those by the authority of the Emperor who are their own masters; and this kind of adoption is called arrogation, because he who adopts is asked, that is, interrogated, whether he is willing that the party whom he is about to adopt shall be his lawful son; and he who is adopted is asked whether he suffers this to be done, We adopt by the order of a magistrate those who are under paternal control, whether they are in the first degree of children, such as son and daughter, or in one that is more remote, as grandson and granddaughter, and great-grandson and great-granddaughter. 1There is one thing common to both kinds of adoption, namely, that those who are incapable of procreation, as for instance, eunuchs, can adopt. 2Adoption effected through the Emperor is peculiar in that if anyone who has children under his control gives himself in arrogation, he himself is not only subjected to the authority of his adoptive father, but also his children and grandchildren pass under the control of the former.
3 Paulus libro quarto ad Sabinum. Si consul vel praeses filius familias sit, posse eum apud semet ipsum vel emancipari vel in adoptionem dari constat.
3 Paulus, On Sabinus, Book IV. Where the son of a family becomes a consul, or governor, he can be emancipated, or given in adoption before himself.
4 Modestinus libro secundo regularum. Magistratum, apud quem legis actio est, et emancipare filios suos et in adoptionem dare apud se posse Neratii sententia est.
4 Modestinus, Rules, Book II. It is the opinion of Neratius that a magistrate before whom a legal action can be brought can emancipate his own children, or give them in adoption before himself.
5 Celsus libro vicensimo octavo digestorum. In adoptionibus eorum dumtaxat, qui suae potestatis sunt, voluntas exploratur: sin autem a patre dantur in adoptionem, in his utriusque arbitrium spectandum est vel consentiendo vel non contradicendo.
5 Celsus, Digest, Book XXVIII. In adoption, the will of only those parties who are their own masters shall be consulted; but where children are given in adoption by their fathers, the will of both must be taken into consideration, either consent being given, or no opposition being offered.
6 Paulus libro trigensimo quinto ad edictum. Cum nepos adoptatur quasi ex filio natus, consensus filii exigitur, idque etiam Iulianus scribit.
6 Paulus, On the Edict, Book XXXV. When a person is adopted as grandson just as if he were born to a son, the consent of the son is required; and this opinion Julianus also rendered.
7 Celsus libro trigensimo nono digestorum. Cum adoptio fit, non est necessaria in eam rem auctoritas eorum, inter quos iura adgnationis consequuntur.
7 Celsus, Digest, Book XXXIX. When an adoption is made, the consent of those who will be connected by agnation is not necessary for that purpose.
8 Modestinus libro secundo regularum. Quod ne curatoris auctoritas intercederet in adrogatione ante tenuerat, sub divo Claudio recte mutatum est.
8 Modestinus, Rules, Book II. It was formerly held that the authority of a curator could not be interposed in a case of arrogation; but this has been very properly changed by the Divine Claudius.
9 Ulpianus libro primo ad Sabinum. Etiam caecus adoptare vel adoptari potest.
9 Ulpianus, On Sabinus, Book I. Even a blind man can adopt, and be adopted.
10 Paulus libro secundo ad Sabinum. Si quis nepotem quasi ex filio natum quem in potestate habet consentiente filio adoptaverit, non adgnascitur avo suus heres, quippe cum post mortem avi quasi in patris sui reccidit potestatem.
10 Paulus, On Sabinus, Book II. When anyone adopts a grandson as if he were born to his own son over whom he has control, with the consent of the latter, he does not become a proper heir of his grandfather; as, after the death of the grandfather he comes, as it were, under the control of his father.
11 Idem libro quarto ad Sabinum. Si is qui filium haberet in nepotis locum adoptasset perinde atque si ex eo filio natus esset, et is filius auctor factus non esset: mortuo avo non esse nepotem in potestate filii.
11 The Same, On Sabinus, Book IV. If anyone who has a son adopts a person as a grandson, just as if he was the son of his son, and the latter does not consent; if the grandfather should die, the adopted grandson does not come under the control of the son.
12 Ulpianus libro quarto decimo ad Sabinum. Qui liberatus est patria potestate, is postea in potestatem honeste reverti non potest nisi adoptione.
12 Ulpianus, On Sabinus, Book XIV. He who is released from paternal authority cannot afterwards be honorably subjected to it again, except by adoption.
13 Papinianus libro trigensimo sexto quaestionum. In omni fere iure finita patris adoptivi potestate nullum ex pristino retinetur vestigium: denique et patria dignitas quaesita per adoptionem finita ea deponitur.
13 Papinianus, Questions, Book XXXVI. By almost every principle of law, when the power of an adoptive father has once been ended, no vestige of it afterwards remains; and even the paternal dignity obtained by adoption is lost when the relationship is terminated.
14 Pomponius libro quinto ad Sabinum. Sed etiam nepos ex filio apud adoptatum patrem conceptus et natus per emancipationem iura omnia perdit.
14 Pomponius, On Sabinus, Book V. A grandson conceived and born under the control of his adoptive grandfather also loses all his rights by emancipation.
15 Ulpianus libro vicensimo sexto ad Sabinum. Si pater familias adoptatus sit, omnia quae eius fuerunt et adquiri possunt tacito iure ad eum transeunt qui adoptavit: hoc amplius liberi eius qui in potestate sunt eum sequuntur: sed et hi, qui postliminio redeunt, vel qui in utero fuerunt cum adrogaretur, simili modo in potestatem adrogatoris rediguntur. 1Qui duos filios et ex altero eorum nepotem habet, si vult nepotem quasi ex altero natum sic adoptare, potest hoc efficere, si eum emancipaverit et sic adoptaverit quasi ex altero natum. facit enim hoc quasi quilibet, non quasi avus, et qua ratione quasi ex quolibet natum potest adoptare, ita potest et quasi ex altero filio. 2In adrogationibus cognitio vertitur, num forte minor sexaginta annis sit qui adrogat, quia magis liberorum creationi studere debeat: nisi forte morbus aut valetudo in causa sit aut alia iusta causa adrogandi, veluti si coniunctam sibi personam velit adoptare. 3Item non debet quis plures adrogare nisi ex iusta causa, sed nec libertum alienum, nec maiorem minor.
15 Ulpianus, On Sabinus, Book XXVI. When the father of a family is adopted, all the property which belongs to him and all that can be acquired is, by silent operation of law, transferred to his adoptive father; and, moreover, his children who are under his control follow him, as well as those who may return from captivity under the law of postliminium, and those who were unborn when he was arrogated are in like manner brought under the control of the arrogator. 1Where a man has two sons, and a grandson by one of them, and desires to adopt the grandson as born of the other son, he can do so if he emancipates him and adopts him as if he were born to the other son, for he does this as if he were a stranger, and not his grandfather; and for whatever reason he can adopt anyone born of a stranger he can adopt him as it were born of another son. 2In arrogation it must be ascertained whether the arrogator is under sixty years of age, because if he is, he should rather devote himself to the procreation of children; unless, indeed, disease or weakness of any kind, or any other just cause for arrogation exists, as, for instance, if he desires to adopt some person related to himself. 3Again, no one should arrogate several children, unless for a good reason. Nor should he adopt the freedman of another, nor anyone older than himself.
16 Iavolenus libro sexto ex Cassio. Adoptio enim in his personis locum habet, in quibus etiam natura potest habere.
16 Javolenus, On Cassius, Book VI. For adoption can only take place with persons between whom the natural relation of father and son might exist.
17 Ulpianus libro vicensimo sexto ad Sabinum. Nec ei permittitur adrogare, qui tutelam vel curam alicuius administravit, si minor viginti quinque annis sit qui adrogatur, ne forte eum ideo adroget, ne rationes reddat. item inquirendum est, ne forte turpis causa adrogandi subsit. 1Eorum dumtaxat pupillorum adrogatio permittenda est his, qui vel naturali cognatione vel sanctissima affectione ducti adoptarent, ceterorum prohibenda, ne esset in potestate tutorum et finire tutelam et substitutionem a parente factam extinguere. 2Et primum quidem excutiendum erit, quae facultates pupilli sint et quae eius, qui adoptare eum velit, ut aestimetur ex comparatione earum, an salubris adoptio possit pupillo intellegi: deinde cuius vitae sit is, qui velit pupillum redigere in familiam suam: tertio cuius idem aetatis sit, ut aestimetur, an melius sit de liberis procreandis cogitare eum quam ex aliena familia quemquam redigere in potestatem suam. 3Praeterea videndum est, an non debeat permitti ei, qui vel unum habebit vel plures liberos, adoptare alium, ne aut illorum, quos iustis nuptiis procreaverit, deminuatur spes quam unusquisque liberorum obsequio paret sibi, aut qui adoptatus fuit minus percipiat quam dignum erit eum consequi. 4Interdum et ditiorem permittetur adoptare pauperiori, si vitae eius sobrietas clara sit vel affectio honesta nec incognita. 5Satisdatio autem in his casibus dari solet.
17 Ulpianus, On Sabinus, Book XXVI. Anyone who administers the office of guardian, or has the curatorship of another, is not permitted to arrogate him, so long as the minor is less than twenty-five years of age, for fear that he may have arrogated him to avoid rendering an account. Inquiry must also be made as to whether the reason for the arrogation is not an infamous one. 1Arrogation of wards is only permitted to those who, induced by natural relationship or great affection adopt them; and it is prohibited to others lest it may be placed in the power of guardians to terminate their trust, and invalidate the substitution made by the parent. 2It is necessary, in the first place, to learn the amount of property belonging to the ward, as well as that of the party who desires to adopt him; so that, by comparing the two, an opinion may be formed as to whether an adoption would be advantageous to the ward. Then the mode of life of the party, who desires to bring the ward into his family should be investigated; and third, his age must be considered, so that it may be determined whether he had not better pay attention to the procreation of children, than to bring under his control some one belonging to another family. 3Moreover, it should be taken into consideration, whether he who already has one or more children ought to be permitted to adopt another, in order that the expectations of those begotten in lawful marriage may not be diminished, which expectations every child prepares for itself by respectful behavior; or whether the ward thus adopted would obtain less than he was worthy of. 4Sometimes the adoption of a child who is more wealthy by a person who is poor is permitted; if the latter is of a thoroughly temperate life, or his affection is honorable and publicly known. 5It is, however, customary to give security in cases of this kind.
18 Marcellus libro vicensimo sexto digestorum. Non aliter enim voluntati eius, qui adrogare pupillum volet, si causam eius ob alia probabit, subscribendum erit, quam si caverit servo publico se restituturum ea, quae ex bonis eius consecutus fuerit, illis, ad quos res perventura esset, si adrogatus permansisset in suo statu.
18 Marcellus, Digest, Book XXVI. For when a man desires to arrogate a ward, if he shows a good reason for doing so in other respects, he can only be heard if he gives a bond to a public slave binding himself, “that he will restore any of the property of his ward that may come into his possession to those persons who would have been entitled to said property, if the arrogated party had remained in his former condition”.
19 Ulpianus libro vicensimo sexto ad Sabinum. His verbis satisdationis quae ab adrogatore praestari debet ‘ad quos ea res pertinet’ et libertatibus prospectum esse, quae secundis tabulis datae sunt, et multo magis substituto servo, item legatariis, nemo dubitat. 1Quae satisdatio si omissa fuerit, utilis actio in adrogatorem datur.
19 Ulpianus, On Sabinus, Book XXVI. By these words of the bond which must be furnished by the arrogating party, “to those entitled to said property”, there is no doubt that it was intended to include any manumissions made by a second will; and especially where a slave was substituted as heir, and also to protect the interests of legatees. 1If this bond is not given, an equitable action will lie against the arrogator.
20 Marcellus libro vicensimo sexto digestorum. Haec autem satisdatio locum habet, si impubes decessit. sed etsi de pupillo loquitur, tamen hoc et in pupilla observandum est.
20 Marcellus, Digest, Book XXVI. This bond becomes operative where the ward dies before reaching the age of puberty. Although the ward is mentioned as a male, the same proceeding must be taken with reference to a female ward.
21 Gaius, Rules. For women may be arrogated by an Imperial Rescript.
22 Ulpianus libro vicensimo sexto ad Sabinum. Si adrogator decesserit impubere relicto filio adoptivo et mox impubes decedat, an heredes adrogatoris teneantur? et dicendum est heredes quoque restituturos et bona adrogati et praeterea quartam partem. 1Sed an impuberi adrogator substituere possit, quaeritur: et puto non admitti substitutionem, nisi forte ad quartam solam quam ex bonis eius consequitur, et hactenus ut ei usque ad pubertatem substituat. ceterum si fidei eius committat, ut quandoque restituat, non oportet admitti fideicommissum, quia hoc non iudicio eius ad eum pervenit, sed principali providentia. 2Haec omnia dicenda sunt, sive in locum filii sive in locum nepotis aliquis impuberem adrogaverit.
22 Ulpianus, On Sabinus, Book XXVI. Where an arrogator dies leaving an adopted son who is under age, and he dies afterwards before reaching puberty, will the heirs of the arrogator be liable? It must be held that the heirs also are bound to deliver up the property of the party arrogated, and the fourth part of the estate besides. 1The question arises whether the arrogator can substitute another heir to the adopted minor son? I think that the substitution cannot be admitted, unless merely with reference to the fourth part of the estate of his adoptive father to which he is entitled; and that it only extends to the time of puberty. But if he should leave his property in trust to be delivered at a certain time, a trust of this kind should not be admitted; for this share does not vest in him by the will of his father but by an Imperial provision. 2All these rules are applicable whether anyone has arrogated a boy under puberty as a son, or as a grandson.
23 Paulus libro trigensimo quinto ad edictum. Qui in adoptionem datur, his quibus adgnascitur et cognatus fit, quibus vero non adgnascitur nec cognatus fit: adoptio enim non ius sanguinis, sed ius adgnationis adfert. et ideo si filium adoptavero, uxor mea illi matris loco non est, neque enim adgnascitur ei, propter quod nec cognata eius fit: item nec mater mea aviae loco illi est, quoniam his, qui extra familiam meam sunt, non adgnascitur: sed filiae meae is quem adoptavi frater fit, quoniam in familia mea est filia: nuptiis tamen etiam eorum prohibitis.
23 Paulus, On the Edict, Book XXXV. When anyone is given in adoption he becomes cognate to all those to whom he becomes agnate, and does not become cognate to those to whom he does not become agnate, for adoption does not impart the right of blood but the right of agnation; and therefore if I adopt a son my wife does not occupy the place of a mother to him, nor is she related to him by agnation, because she is not his cognate. Again, my mother does not occupy the place of grandmother to him, since he does not become connected by agnation with those who are outside of my own family; but he whom I have adopted becomes the brother of my daughter, since my daughter is a member of my family, and marriage between them is prohibited.
24 Ulpianus libro primo disputationum. Neque absens neque dissentiens adrogari potest.
24 Ulpianus, Controversies, Book I. Anyone who is absent, or who does not give his consent cannot be arrogated.
25 Idem libro quinto opinionum. Post mortem filiae suae, quae ut mater familias quasi iure emancipata vixerat et testamento scriptis heredibus decessit, adversus factum suum, quasi non iure eam nec praesentibus testibus emancipasset, pater movere controversiam prohibetur. 1Neque adoptare neque adrogare quis absens nec per alium eiusmodi sollemnitatem peragere potest.
25 The Same, Opinions, Book V. After the death of his daughter who had been living as her own mistress on the ground of having been lawfully emancipated, and who died after appointing heirs by her will, the father is forbidden to institute proceedings against his own act, claiming that the emancipation was not made legally, or in the presence of witnesses. 1A party who is absent can neither adopt, nor arrogate, nor carry out by the agency of another any of the formalities which are requisite in such cases.
26 Iulianus libro septuagensimo digestorum. Quem filius meus emancipatus adoptaverit, is nepos meus non erit.
26 Julianus, Digest, Book LXX. Anyone whom my emancipated son adopts is not my grandson.
27 Idem libro octagensimo quinto digestorum. Ex adoptivo natus adoptivi locum optinet in iure civili.
27 The Same, Digest, Book LXXXV. The child of an adopted son is considered by the Civil Law to occupy the same place as if he himself were adopted.
28 Gaius libro primo institutionum. Liberum arbitrium est ei, qui filium et ex eo nepotem in potestate habebit, filium quidem potestate demittere, nepotem vero in potestate retinere: vel ex diverso filium quidem in potestate retinere, nepotem vero manumittere: vel omnes sui iuris efficere. eadem et de pronepote dicta esse intellegemus.
28 Gaius, Institutes, Book I. He who has a son and a grandson under his control is at perfect liberty to release his son from his authority, and to retain it over his grandson; or, on the other hand, to retain his son under his control and to manumit his grandson; or to make both of them their own masters. We hold that the same rule applies to a great-grandson.
29 Callistratus libro secundo institutionum. Si pater naturalis loqui quidem non possit, alio tamen modo quam sermone manifestum facere possit velle se filium suum in adoptionem dare: perinde confirmatur adoptio, ac si iure facta esset.
29 Callistratus, Institutes, Book II. Where the natural father does not possess the power of speech, but can indicate in some other way than verbally his desire to give his son in adoption, that adoption shall be confirmed; just as if it had taken place under the forms prescribed by law.
30 Paulus, Rules, Book I. Those who have no wives can adopt children.
31 Marcianus libro quinto regularum. Non potest filius, qui est in potestate patris, ullo modo compellere eum, ne sit in potestate, sive naturalis sive adoptivus.
31 Marcianus, Rules, Book V. A son, whether he is natural or adopted, who is under the control of his father, cannot in any way compel him to release him from it.
32 Papinianus libro trigensimo primo quaestionum. Nonnumquam autem impubes qui adoptatus est audiendus erit, si pubes factus emancipari desideret, idque causa cognita per iudicem statuendum erit. 1Imperator Titus Antoninus rescripsit privignum suum tutori adoptare permittendum.
32 Papinianus, Questions, Book XXXI. However, a boy who is under puberty and has been adopted, should sometimes be heard if, having arrived at puberty, he desires to be emancipated; and this must be determined by the judge after the case has been stated. 1The Emperor Titius Antoninus decided in a Rescript that it was permissible for a man to adopt his stepson of whom he was guardian.
33 Marcianus libro quinto regularum. Et si pubes factus non expedire sibi in potestatem eius redigi probaverit, aequum esse emancipari eum a patre adoptivo atque ita pristinum ius reciperare.
33 Marcianus, Rules, Book V. And where the adopted son, having arrived at puberty, proves that it is not advantageous to himself to be brought under the paternal control of the other, it is just that he should be emancipated by his adoptive father, and in this way be reinstated in his former condition.
34 Paulus libro undecimo quaestionum. Quaesitum est, si tibi filius in adoptionem hac lege sit datus, ut post triennium puta eundem mihi in adoptionem des, an actio ulla sit. et Labeo putat nullam esse actionem: nec enim moribus nostris convenit filium temporalem habere.
34 Paulus, Questions, Book XI. The question arose where a son is given to you in adoption, for instance under this condition that, “after three years, you will give the same person to me in adoption”; whether any action will lie against you. Labeo thinks that there is no cause of action, for it is not in accordance with our customs for anyone to have a son temporarily.
35 Idem libro primo responsorum. Per adoptionem dignitas non minuitur, sed augetur. unde senator etsi a plebeio adoptatus est, manet senator: similiter manet et senatoris filius.
35 The Same, Opinions, Book I. The rank of a person is not diminished by adoption, but is in fact increased; therefore a Senator, if adopted by a plebeian, remains a Senator; and, in like manner, a son of the Senator still remains such.
36 Idem libro octavo decimo responsorum. Emancipari filium a patre quocumque loco posse constat, ut exeat de patria potestate. 1Apud proconsulem etiam in ea provincia, quam sortitus non est, et manumitti et in adoptionem dari posse placet.
37 Idem libro secundo sententiarum. Adoptare quis nepotis loco potest, etiam si filium non habet. 1Eum quem quis adoptavit, emancipatum vel in adoptionem datum iterum non potest adoptare.
38 Marcellus libro vicensimo sexto digestorum. Adoptio non iure facta a principe confirmari potest.
38 Marcellus, Digest, Book XXVI. An adoption not legally made may be confirmed by the Emperor.
39 Ulpianus libro tertio de officio consulis. Nam ita divus Marcus Eutychiano rescripsit: ‘Quod desideras an impetrare debeas, aestimabunt iudices adhibitis etiam his, qui contra dicent, id est qui laederentur confirmatione adoptionis’.
39 Ulpianus, On the Office of Consul, Book III. The Divine Marcus stated in a Rescript to Eutychianus that, “The judges will determine whether you can obtain what you desire, after those who may object have been produced before them, that is to say, those who might be injured by the confirmation of the adoption”.
40 Modestinus libro primo differentiarum. Adrogato patre familias liberi, qui in eius erant potestate, nepotes apud adrogatorem efficiuntur simulque cum suo patre in eius reccidunt potestatem. quod non similiter in adoptionem contingit: nam nepotes ex eo in avi naturalis retinentur potestate. 1Non tantum cum quis adoptat, sed et cum adrogat, maior esse debet eo, quem sibi per adrogationem vel per adoptionem filium facit, et utique plenae pubertatis: id est decem et octo annis eum praecedere debet. 2Spado adrogando suum heredem sibi adsciscere potest nec ei corporale vitium impedimento est.
40 Modestinus, Differences, Book I. By the arrogation of the father of a family the children who are under his control become the grandchildren of the arrogator, and at the same time with their father are placed under his authority, which does not also take place in case of adoption; for then the grandchildren remain under the control of their natural grandfather. 1He who adopts, and also he who arrogates, must not only be older than the person whom he makes his son either through arrogation or adoption, but he must be so by the term of complete puberty, that is to say, he must be further advanced in age by eighteen years. 2A person who is impotent can obtain a proper heir for himself by arrogation, nor is his corporeal weakness an obstacle to his doing so.
41 Idem libro secundo regularum. Si pater filium, ex quo nepos illi est in potestate, emancipaverit et postea eum adoptaverit: mortuo eo nepos in patris non revertitur potestatem. nec is nepos in patris revertitur potestatem, quem avus retinuerit filio dato in adoptionem, quem denuo redadoptavit.
41 The Same, Rules, Book II. When a father emancipates his son by whom he has a grandson under his control and afterwards adopts his son and dies, the grandson does not again come under the authority of his father. Nor does the grandson come under the control of his father if his grandfather retained him in his power when he gave his son in adoption, and readopted him afterwards.
42 Idem libro primo pandectarum. Etiam infantem in adoptionem dare possumus.
42 The Same, Pandects, Book I. We can even give an infant in adoption.
43 Pomponius libro vicensimo ad Quintum Mucium. Adoptiones non solum filiorum, sed et quasi nepotum fiunt, ut aliquis nepos noster esse videatur perinde quasi ex filio vel incerto natus sit.
43 Pomponius, On Quintus Mucius, Book XX. Adoption of sons as well as grandsons can take place so that anyone may seem to be our grandson as through a son, although his birth may be uncertain.
44 Proculus libro octavo epistularum. Si is, qui nepotem ex filio habet, in nepotis loco aliquem adoptavit, non puto mortuo avo iura consanguinitatis inter nepotes futura esse. sed si sic adoptavit, ut etiam iure legis nepos suus esset, quasi ex Lucio puta filio suo et ex matre familias eius natus esset, contra puto.
44 Proculus, Epistles, Book VIII. Where anyone who has a grandson by a son adopts another in the place of his grandson, I do not think that when the grandfather dies any bond of consanguinity will exist between the grandsons. But if he adopted him in such a way that he should be his grandson by legal right, for instance, as if he had been the son of Lucius his own son and the lawful wife of the latter, I am of the contrary opinion.
45 Paulus libro tertio ad legem Iuliam et Papiam. Onera eius, qui in adoptionem datus est, ad patrem adoptivum transferuntur.
45 Paulus, On the Lex Julia et Papia, Book III. The liabilities of him who was given in adoption are transferred to the adoptive father.
46 Ulpianus libro quarto ad legem Iuliam et Papiam. In servitute mea quaesitus mihi filius in potestatem meam redigi beneficio principis potest: libertinum tamen eum manere non dubitatur.
46 Ulpianus, On the Lex Julia et Papia, Book IV. A son begotten by me while in slavery can be brought under my authority by the indulgence of the Emperor; still, there is no question that such a son remains in the class of freedmen.