De officio praefecti vigilum
(Concerning the Office of Prefect of the night watch.)
1 Paulus libro singulari de officio praefecti vigilum. Apud vetustiores incendiis arcendis triumviri praeerant, qui ab eo, quod excubias agebant nocturni dicti sunt: interveniebant nonnumquam et aediles et tribuni plebis. erant autem familia publica circa portam et muros disposita, unde si opus esset evocabatur: fuerant et privatae familiae, quae incendia vel mercede vel gratia extinguerent, deinde divus Augustus maluit per se huic rei consuli.
1 Paulus, On the Duties of the Prefect of the Night Watch. Among the ancients three men were appointed for the purpose of providing against fire, who, because they kept watch at night, were styled Nocturni. The Ædiles and the tribunes of the plebs also sometimes took part; and there were, in addition, a detachment of public slaves stationed around the gate and the walls, whence they could be summoned if necessary. There were also certain bodies of private slaves who extinguished fires, either for pay, or gratuitously. Finally, the Divine Augustus preferred to have this duty performed under his own supervision.
2 Ulpianus libro singulari de officio praefecti vigilum. Pluribus uno die incendiis exortis:
2 Ulpianus, On the Duties of the Prefect of the Night Watch. Because several fires took place during one day.
3 Paulus libro singulari de officio praefecti vigilum. nam salutem rei publicae tueri nulli magis credidit convenire nec alium sufficere ei rei, quam Caesarem. itaque septem cohortes oportunis locis constituit, ut binas regiones urbis unaquaeque cohors tueatur, praepositis eis tribunis et super omnes spectabili viro qui praefectus vigilum appellatur. 1Cognoscit praefectus vigilum de incendiariis effractoribus furibus raptoribus receptatoribus, nisi si qua tam atrox tamque famosa persona sit, ut praefecto urbi remittatur. et quia plerumque incendia culpa fiunt inhabitantium, aut fustibus castigat eos qui neglegentius ignem habuerunt, aut severa interlocutione comminatus fustium castigationem remittit. 2Effracturae fiunt plerumque in insulis in horreisque, ubi homines pretiosissimam partem fortunarum suarum reponunt, cum vel cella effringitur vel armarium vel arca: et custodes plerumque puniuntur, et ita divus Antoninus Erucio Claro rescripsit. ait enim posse eum horreis effractis quaestionem habere de servis custodibus, licet in illis ipsius imperatoris portio esset. 3Sciendum est autem praefectum vigilum per totam noctem vigilare debere et coerrare calciatum cum hamis et dolabris, 4ut curam adhibeant omnes inquilinos admonere, ne neglegentia aliqua incendii casus oriatur. praeterea ut aquam unusquisque inquilinus in cenaculo habeat, iubetur admonere. 5Adversus capsarios quoque, qui mercede servanda in balineis vestimenta suscipiunt, iudex est constitutus, ut, si quid in servandis vestimentis fraudulenter admiserint, ipse cognoscat.
3 Paulus, On the Duties of the Prefect of the Night Watch. In fact, Augustus thought that the safety of the Republic could be protected by no one better than by him, and that no one was so equal to the task as the Emperor. Therefore he posted seven cohorts in proper places, in order that each cohort might protect two quarters of the city; these were commanded by tribunes, and above them was a superior officer who was designated the Prefect of the Night Watch. 1The Prefect of the Night Watch takes cognizance of incendiaries, burglars, thieves, robbers, and harborers of criminals, unless the culprit is so savage and notorious, that he is turned over to the Prefect of the City. And as, for the most part, fires are caused by the negligence of the inhabitants, he either has those whipped who have been careless in regard to fire, or he remits the whipping, and gives them a severe warning. 2Burglaries are generally committed in houses containing many apartments, or in warehouses where men have deposited the most valuable part of their goods; the burglar either breaks open a storeroom, a closet, or a chest, and those who are appointed to guard this property are the ones ordinarily punished. The Divine Antoninus stated this in a Rescript to Erycius Clarus, for he says: “That if his warehouses are broken open, he can put the slaves who were guarding them to torture, even though some of them may belong to the Emperor himself.” 3It should be noted that the Prefect of the Night Watch must be on guard during the entire night, and should make his rounds properly shod, and provided with hooks and axes. 4He must be careful to notify all occupants of houses not to allow any fire to occur through their negligence, and such occupant must be directed to always have water on his upper floor. 5He also has supervision over those who, for a compensation, take charge of clothing in the baths; and if while performing this duty they are guilty of any illegal acts he must take cognizance of them.
4 Ulpianus libro singulari de officio praefecti urbi. Imperatores Severus et Antoninus Iunio Rufino praefecto vigilum ita rescripserunt: ‘Insularios et eos, qui neglegenter ignes apud se habuerint, potes fustibus vel flagellis caedi iubere: eos autem, qui dolo fecisse incendium convincentur, ad Fabium Cilonem praefectum urbi amicum nostrum remittes: fugitivos conquirere eosque dominis reddere debes.’
4 Ulpianus, On the Duties of the Prefect of the City. The Emperors Severus and Antoninus stated the following in a Rescript to Julius Rufmus, Prefect of the Night Watch: “If the occupants of blocks of houses, or others are negligent with regard to their fires, you can order them to be whipped with rods or scourged; and those who are accused of arson you may send to Our friend Fabius Cilo, Prefect of the City; fugitive slaves you must seek out and restore to their masters.”